'The Chinese Culture: A Chinese-American Family Reunion\r'

'My wife is originally from the southern place of China, so her family is a mixture of descendants of China and the Americans who have married into the family. A few yrs ago her family had a reunion to gather together and revenge with one a nonher, and I was invited to attend. While I had realized some of the Chinese market-gardening prior to the proceeds, the reunion was the first duration that I really got to observe the conventionalistic culture in real life.\r\nThe event was a very elegant occasion, to a greater extent like a banquet than the veritable(prenominal) American family reunion. There was tons of food, intimately of which was Chinese, and even Chinese decorations. There were expiration lanterns strung around the room, all illuminate as the evening approached. They were very beautiful, barely as it turns out they are not used for beauty. The lanterns symbolize good hazard and hope.\r\nThey are used every year in China at the Lantern Festival, when they ke y the streets to symbolize this same meaning. The color bolshy also has significance in the Chinese culture. It is believed to be the color of luck. Some of the previous(a) family members spoke the Chinese language, which was interesting to witness, alone most everyone spoke English.\r\nI am an American with family roots in Germany, so the two cultures are vastly diverse. The biggest balance I noticed was how much much reserved the Chinese people seemed to normal American families. Even the children, who were laughing and playing, seemed to be more respectful than American children. This saying of the culture impacted me the most.\r\nI cognize how different people are from different parts of the world, and especially those who live in America, but have been raised with traditional Chinese values. It amazes me how different cultures can part so greatly. I enjoyed this learning experience with my wife’s family and I opinion forward to many more Chinese events in the future.\r\nReferences:\r\nChinatown Connection, â€Å"Lantern Festival.” Chinatown Connection. n.d.. Chinatown Connection.\r\n5 May 2008 <http://www.chinatownconnection.com/lantern-festival.htm>.\r\nLee, Danile. â€Å"Chinese People Lifestyle.” Chinatown Connection. n.d.. Chinatown Connection. 5\r\nMay 2008 <http://www.chinatownconnection.com/chinese-people-lifestyle.htm>.\r\n'

'Public Relations and Social Media\r'

' figure 1: BDI Logo An try on on the ghastly furrow add’s utilisation of mixer media for state-supported dealings purposes. major(ip) Assessment: How is tender media being use by not-for-profit ecesiss for PR purposes? Choose atomic number 53 not-for-profit face operating in Australia and cover †with reference to public relations and new-fangledfangledborn media theory †how the scheme is using tender media to neck their identify s ownholders and fraternity groups online. The implement of public relations has castn a sort in recent years, and now intromits legion(predicate) and varied nebs; including new media.The term ‘new media’ encompasses a variety of non-traditional methods including amicable media. This essay discusses the use of br separately media in a public relations capacity, to assist in managing an organisation’s cay stakeholders and community groups online. The focus organisation is the char cut throu gh and through wreak (BDI), a notfor-profit organisation and an â€Å"educational, query, clinical and community-oriented facility offering specialist expertness in mood disorders” ( sinister quest for bring in, 2012).When con lookring how an organisation uses social media, it is crucial to understand who the key stakeholders are and similarly what constitutes social media joyrides. slightly of the nominate’s key stakeholders (otherwise know as the specific tar charter audience) include health professionals, donors/sponsors and government agencies. So, with some of the key stakeholders defined, what then is social media? social media, as a whole, is online media with which you †the user after part participate.Mayfield (2008) states that social media of all sympathetic shares most (or all) of the following characteristics †elaborateness, absolvedness, conversation, community and connectedness. The dense cross take has use several social medi a tools to get their message out to the wider community. The use of these new media tools, specifically social media tools, assists not-for-profit organisations such as The Black frump launch in managing their key stakeholders and community groups online. Social media is profligate befitting an effective tool for public relations purposes and The Black bounder Institute has mplemented a variety of tools such as wikis, social cyberspaceing, blogging, video, an inter diligent web place and applications suitcapable for iPhone, iPad and iPod. habitus 2: Social Media The Black trail Institute engages in wikis such as The Mental health Wiki. The Mental Health Wiki (2012) which claims to be â€Å"a collaborative, open plan for capturing high quality information in the psychical health field” is open to anyone notwithstanding the site entirely allows suitably qualified people to break. So how does this wiki swear out The Black Dog Institute manage their key stakehold ers?Through participation, the represent is able to demonstrate their expertise in the range of mental health therefore enhancing their temper among other health organisations. Wikis are a potential destination for online rapscallion 2 of 7 PRN101 †study assigning research and thus by contributing to such, the organisation is able to continuously improve relationships mingled with themselves and their stakeholders (medical professionals) As a fundamental go away of public relations is to build in return beneficial relationships, the contributions supplied by the contribute on the Mental Health Wiki would be sociable by other health tuition professionals.This overtureibility is a key in building such relationships, and in turn, the institute has access to other organisation’s research material. On the flip side however, it is valuable for the institute to consider the sub judice ramifications of contributing to such a assemblage. Flynn (2012) states that s ocial media content raise be subpoenaed and used to support (or sink) an organisation in the consequence of litigation, therefore it is important that the institute adheres to laws bear on PR such as copyright, secretiveness and the Trade Practices Act.Facebook is a social networking site offering community, conversation and connectedness and is some other largely accessible social media tool with which The Black Dog Institute has engaged. Their active Facebook site allows community groups to interact and continue connected with the institute. The site offers news feeds, events, videos and the selection for like minded people to contribute to the site through ‘posts’ †discussions. inscribe 3: BDI FaceBook Page According to Solis (2009) social networking is not just about socialising, it’s about leveraging the network to growth visibility for expertise, reputation and activity.As you can see with the image, the Black Dog Institute’s Facebook v arlet includes a picture of their facility, but is this the kind of visibility we refer to in PR? To cast up their visibility (or exposure) the institute utilises social network i. e. Facebook to promote upcoming events, high muckamuck associations, and other online presences such as websites/ peep and to provide another avenue to access their products for sale. By using social networking to expatiatement their visibility, the institute develops another avenue to increase donations and much needed funds.Page 3 of 7 PRN101 †Major Assignment Blogging is another social media tool that has been adopted by The Black Dog Institute, through the use of peep †a micro-blogging site. Their Twitter blogs allow readers to ‘ roll’ information that is relevant to them and with the dynamic disposition of blogging; the institute gains a genuine sagacity into the opinions of their public. In price of public relations, blogging assists the organisation to maintain a cons tant and up-to-date connection with its publics.The Black Dog Institute embraces that connection and continues to build a network (or community) of like minded people and proceed connected with their audiences. With one of the most important functions of public relations being to wee understanding, blogging sites such as Twitter allows The Black Dog Institute to create this understanding. well-nigh media tools do not allow participation from an organisation’s public, however through blogging a two-way process is encourage thereby creating a mutual understanding.It is important to acknowledge that a forum involving two-way conversation can again place the organisation in a compromising position †both its’ legally and socially responsible position. Therefore maintaining an ethical show up to the blogging process, with a deliberate course of action, can help to reduce this vulnerability. phone number 4: YouTube Videos are another social media tool that an org anisation can use to go along connected with their public. Sites like YouTube are becoming increasingly popular with individuals and organisations alike.The Black Dog Institute has a YouTube channel, where subscribers can transfer videos and also comment on videos uploaded by others. The institute joined the YouTube ‘phenomenon’ in September, 2011. At present there are only two videos available on their stimulate channel, however when you search the term ‘ foul wienerwurst institute’ several others require been uploaded (as indicated in the above image). This indicates an increasing sense of the institute through an often socialize and light hearted forum. Videos offer the institute the probability to present their organisation in an dependable and accurate way.Further development of their YouTube channel can be achieved Page 4 of 7 PRN101 †Major Assignment through commenting on other contributor uploads regarding the institute and its activi ties from other users. Other tools utilised by the institute, which are a little out of the cathode-ray oscilloscope of this essay, include an iPod/iPad application †â€Å"The Black Dog Pedometer”. This tool gives the institute’s stakeholders/community access to not only a pedometer but also a connect to learn more about the institute and also a donation option.In terms of public relations, the pedometer application increases the organisations image as an authority on the face of mental health and mood disorders. The institute also has a website developed specifically for teenagers †www. biteback. org. au which as a whole is not a social media tool; however the blog component of the site offers fundamental interaction and participation by subscribers. The Bite butt website allows the BDI public relations team to take a proactive approach to their subject of expertise, offering an engaging and interactive forum for their younger community groups.As you can see throughout this essay, social media assists the Black Dog Institute in its’ public relations plans. Tools previously outlined such as wikis, social networking, blogging and videos assist the institute in building and improving relationships with their key stakeholders and to increase awareness and visibility of their organisation. As the pulsation of social media continues, further opportunities may develop for the institute. Trimester 1, 2012 Page 5 of 7 PRN101 †Major Assignment Reference List: Figures Figure 1: Black Dog Institute Logo †www. lackdoginstitute. org. au (accessed 30 April, 2012) Figure 2: Social Media †http://masoncadeagency. com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/07/SMO_Social_Media_Optimization. jpg (accessed 3 May, 2012) Figure 3: Black Dog Institute Facebook page †http://www. facebook. com/blackdoginst (accessed 5 May, 2012) Figure 4: YouTube screenshot †gettable: http://www. youtube. com/results? search_query=black+dog+institute+& oq=black+dog +institute+&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=youtube. 3… 16614. 20473. 0. 21177. 22. 19. 1. 2. 2. 1. 30 3. 2779. 5j7j6j1. 19. 0… 0. 0. (accessed 6 May, 2012)Bibliography Texts: Ali, M 2006, Public Relations †Creating an IMAGE, Heinemann, Oxford, GB Chaffey, D & Smith, PR. 2010, emerchandising eXcellence †Planning and optimizing your digital marketing, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Flynn, N, 2012, Social media handbook †policies and best practices to effectively manage your organizations social media presence, posts, and potential risks. Wiley, Australia Harrison, Kim 2011, strategic Public Relations †A functional Guide to Success, Palgrave Macmillan, South Yarra, Australia Lee, R & Kotler, P. 011, Social Marketing †Influencing Behaviors for Good, 4th edition. Sage, California Rix, P, 2011, Marketing †A Practical Approach, McGraw Hill, North Ryde, Australia. Solis, B & Breakenridge, D. 2009, Putting t he Public Back in Public Relations †How Social Media Is Reinventing the develop Business of PR, Pearson Education, New Jersey Page 6 of 7 PRN101 †Major Assignment eBooks and PDFs: Junee,T 2012, PRN101_Social_Media_2012-2 [Slide]. THINK: APM College of Business, Sydney Mayfield, A. 2008 What is Social Media? v1. 4 updated 1 August 2008 http://www. crossing. co. uk/fileadmin/uploads/eBooks/What_is_Social_Media_iCrossing_eb ook. pdf (accessed 3 May, 2012) Weblinks: Black Dog Insitute. 2012. About Us: Black Dog Institute. obtainable: http://www. blackdoginstitute. org. au/aboutus/overview. cfm (accessed 6 April, 2012) Harris, A. 2012. Be Social Media Savvy. on tap(predicate): http://www. pria. com. au/priablog/be-social-media-savvy (accessed 7 April, 2012) Mental Health Wiki. 2012. Register: Available: http://www. mentalhealthwiki. org/deki/plugins/register/register. php (accessed 2 May,2012) Facebook. 012. Key Facts. Available: http://newsroom. fb. com/content/default. asp x? NewsAreaId=22 (accessed 1 May, 2012) YouTube. 2012. face results for Black Dog Institute. Available: http://www. youtube. com/results? search_query=black+dog+institute+=black+dog+instit ute+=f===youtube. 3… 16614. 20473. 0. 21177. 22. 19. 1. 2. 2. 1. 303. 2779. 5j7j6 j1. 19. 0… 0. 0. (accessed 18 April, 2012) Black Dog Bite Back. 2012. Blogs: Available: http://www. biteback. org. au/ (accessed 2 May, 2012) Page 7 of 7 PRN101 †Major Assignment\r\n'

'Effects and Information\r'

'There atomic number 18 multiple different wellness problems that may result from the presence of infectious microorganisms in volunteer(a) peeings. Epidemiological studies have shown a number of adverse health outcomes much(prenominal) as GI and respiratory infections, to be associated with fecally polluted volunteer(a) pee. Evidence from the ground wellness Organization (2003), suggests that the most patronage adverse health outcome associated with mental picture to fecally soil recreational water is intestinal illness, such as self-limiting gastroenteritis.Most of the pathogenic water-borne organisms atomic number 18 acquired by ingesting contaminated water be exercise they uphold the digestive tract. Pathogenic organisms in potty such as Salmonella, Giardia, C deoxyadenosine monophosphateylobacter and Cryptosporidium argon cognise to occasion gastrointestinal illnesses, skin, ear, and eye infections cig atomic number 18tte also result from contact with contami nated water (Peeples, 2007). There has been a authenceticated association of transmission of Salmonella paratyphi, the causative mover of paratyphoid fever, with recreational water use.Also, rate of typhoid in Egypt have been nonice in among bathers from borderes polluted with untreated sewer (WHO, 2003). Other illnesses associated with recreational waters in the USA atomic number 18 listed below ( midsection for unhealthiness Control and Prevention, 2007): Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium in the same family as those that instance cholera. It normally lives in warm brine because they require salt. Cryptosporidium is one of the most ghost causes of waterborne disease (drinking water and recreational water) among humanity in the United States and butt be life threatening in persons with weakened immune systems.Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterium in the same family as those that cause cholera. It lives in brackish saltwater and causes gastrointestinal illness in humans . V. parahaemolyticus naturally inhabits coastal waters in the United States and Canada and is open in higher concentrations during summer. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a good deal called Swimmer’s Ear, is frequently ca utilise by infection with a germ. This germ is harsh in the environment and is microscopic so that it can’t be seen with the au naturel(predicate) eye.Shigella bacterium may contaminate water if sewage runs into it, or if someone with shigellosis swims in or plays with it, Shigella infections can then be acquired by drinking, swimming in, or playing with the contaminated water. Noroviruses atomic number 18 a group of viruses that cause the â€Å"stomach flu,” or gastroenteritis (in people. Noroviruses are found in the stool or vomit of give people and people can expire infected with the virus by eat food or drinking liquids that are contaminated with norovirus. Giardia intestinalis , a microscopic quick study which causes Giardia.Giardia ca uses diarrheal illness, and is a common cause of waterborne disease in humans in the United States. Current recreational water- forest guidelines are ground on studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s (Cabelli et al. 1975, 1979, 1982; Dufour 1984). The customary method used to measure recreational water whole step require at least 24-48 hrs to culture fecal indicant bacteria colonies, such as Enterococcus spp. or Escherichia coli. The culturing along with counting the colony-forming units, makes it impossible for beach managers to judge the quality of waterwithin a single day. A significant drawback is that microbic water quality can change rapidly (Boehm et al. 2002). Guidelines based on indicator organisms that require almost two old age to develop, the great transformation of pathogenic microorganisms transmitted by contaminated water, and the difficulty in addition to the follow of directly measuring all microbial pathogens in environmental samples (Wade, Calderon, Sams, Beach, Brenner, Williams, Dunfor, 2006), are apt(predicate) to result in both superfluous beach closings and the exposure of swimmers to poor-quality water.Also, current indicator microbes are based solely on fecal contamination and may not accurately assess the risk of disease due to countless other potency pathogens that cause skin, upper respiratory tract, eye, ear, nose, and pharynx diseases. A study done in 2004, estimated that up to 40% of beach closures are in error (Kim and bear 2004). Earth911. com(n. d. ) provides the open with specific selective information regarding the most late water quality conditions at local anaesthetic anesthetic beaches. Beaches911 provides information generated and uploaded directly by local government agencies to include the type of bacteria detected, or why the warning is in place.Independent analysis or historical reportage of water quality is not provided by Beaches911. The Beaches touchmental Assessment and Coastal wellness Act (B EACH Act) required EPA to develop and bring out a list of discrete coastal recreation waters adjacent to beaches or similar points of access that are used by the public that specifies whether the waters are subject to a monitoring and telling program. EPAs beacon, Beach Advisory and Closing Online pre displacement has the latest information that states have sent to the EPA. BEACON is a breakdown of monitored and unmonitored coastal beaches by county and answers the following questions:• How many bill live up tos were reported and how long were they? • What percentage of days were beaches under a notification action? • How do 2007 results compare to previous geezerhood? • What pollution sources affect monitored beaches? States and local governments limit whether to open or weedy a beach. They report that information to EPA, but because the states set out in how quickly the information is sent, the EPA doesn’t always have real-time reports. If BEACON doesnt have up-to-date information, anyone searching for beach information would need to find their states information by contacting the regional EPA office.Although there is a lot of information about which beaches are tested and when, the different monitoring agencies do not give specific information regarding water test results i. e. †type of bacteria detected, warning information regarding those results, and information describing the health risks of any detected environmental hazard. References Boehm A. , Grant S. , Kim J. , Mowbray S. , McGee C. , Clark C. ,et al. (2002). Decadal and shorter period variability of surf zona water quality at Huntington Beach, California. Environ Sci Technol 36(18):3885â€3892. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://pubs.acs. org/inside/pdf/10. 1021/es020524u? cookieSet=1 Cabelli, V. , Dufour, A. , Levin, M. , McCabe L. , Haberman, P. , (1979). kind of microbial indicators to health effects at marine bathing beaches. Am J Public He alth 69(7):690â€696. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/picrender. fcgi? artid=1619103&blobtype=pdf Center for Disease Control, (2007). National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases. Retrieved 10 January 2009, from http://www. cdc. gov/healthyswimming/water_illness_a_to_z. htm Earth911. com(n. d. ), Beaches911- Beach piddle Quality.Retrieved 12 January 2009 , from http://www. earth911. org/waterquality/index. asp? cluster=0 Kim, J. , Grant, S. ,(2004). Public mis-notification of coastal water quality: a probabilistic evaluation of lineup errors at Huntington Beach, California. Environ Sci Technol 38(9):2497â€2504. Retrieved 11 January 2009, from http://pubs. acs. org/doi/pdf/10. 1021/es034382v Peeples, B. (2007). Why did my favorite beach close today?. Retrieved 10 January 2009, from http://earth911. com/blog/2007/07/19/beaches-july/ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA(n. d. ). Beach supervise and Notification.R etreived 12 January 2009, from http://www. epa. gov/waterscience/beaches/technical. html Wade, T. , Calderon, R. , Sams, E. , Beach, M. , Brenner, K. , Williams, A. , Dunfour, A. ,(2006). Rapidly measurable Indicators of Recreational piddle Quality be Predictive of Swimming-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 114(1): 24-25. Retrieved 12 January 2009, from http://www. ehponline. org/realfiles/members/2005/8273/8273. pdf WHO (2003). Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. Retreived 12 January 2009, from http://whqlibdoc. who. int/publications/2003/9241545801. pdf\r\n'

'Problem of Induction: An Analysis of the Validity of the Humean Problem of Induction\r'

'Induction refers to â€Å"a method of reasoning by which a everyday law or rationale is inferred from observed specific instances” (Flew, 1986, p. 171). The method of inductive inference, in this sense, whitethorn be considered as the primary means through which justifications are formulated to show the relationship of evidence towards concomitant assumptions (Good humanness, 1983, p. 13). The process of certainty, thereby, whitethorn be seen as arising whenever we comment that evidence lends support to a hypothesis bit in the process failing to establish its deductive certainty.\r\nIn relation to the said(prenominal) method, Hume argued that since no necessary connections exists between empirical phenomena, it is always possible that a future observation will prove our inferences incorrectly no matter how appealing it may take for been or how richly supported by previous(prenominal) observations. This problem has been referred to as the problem of the consisten cy principle [in this sense the lack of much(prenominal) uniformity]. correspond to the argument, nature has no uniformity. If much(prenominal) is the case, it thereby follows that there is no voucher that ensures the consistency of man’s most refined predictions.\r\nConsider for example, the statement â€Å"Whenever I smooth off a piece of codsw all toldop it will fall”. Two claims may be inferred from such a statement: (1) Dropping a piece of ice-skating rink causes it to fall and (2) Dropping a piece of chalk tomorrow will thereby cause it to fall. According to Hume, such claims assume the uniformity of nature. The problem until now is evident if one considers that if all companionship of condition is base on experience and all knowledge of experience is based on the faculties of cognition, in holy order for knowledge of causation to be validated [at all times] it is necessary that the faculties of cognition are infallible.\r\nHowever, such is not the case since conditions for the attainment of brain are based upon fallible faculties. If such is the case, it follows that man’s understanding of the empirical valet is obscure thereby providing no solid grounds for the formation of inferences that determine the uniformity of nature from which man derives his causal laws regarding the workings of nature. At this point, it is worthwhile to consider that the aforementioned problem [commonly referred to as Hume’s problem of induction] stems from Hume’s critique of the Cartesian claims regarding the powers of reason.\r\nAccording to Descartes, man is in possession of an infallible faculty of clear and distinct perception which if correctly exercised is able to grasp various general causal principles a priori. In addition to this, Descartes claims that possession of such faculties enables man to establish the essence of the mind [which is thinking] and the tree trunk [which is extension] through the use of pure i ntellectual insight. If such is the case, man is thereby privy to the encyclopaedism of a priori knowledge regarding the behavior of minds and of things.\r\nIf such is the case, it follows that man is as well privy to the knowledge of the workings of the external world [external to the mind and hence the physical realm]. As was famed at the onset of this paper, Hume’s critique of Descartes’ intent of the powers of reason has thereby resulted to the critique of the process of induction and hence the critique of the assumption regarding the uniformity of nature. It is master(prenominal) to note that Hume’s claim [as an opposition to Descartes’ aforementioned claim] may be understood in devil ways.\r\nIn the first case, Hume’s claim may be understood as setting the limits of man’s intellectual capacities [which is evident in his accent on the fallibility of our faculties for cognition]. In another sense, one may understand Hume’s claim as alter a naturalistic conception of knowledge acquisition thereby enabling the dissolution of Descartes’ dualism [evident in Descartes’ trace of the mind from the body]. The importance of such lies in its fury on the necessity to set solid foundations for the acquisition of belief.\r\nWithin these grounds, it is thereby possible to understand Hume’s subtitle to A Treatise of Human Nature, which states, â€Å"Being an onrush to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into clean-living Subjects”. Hume’s naturalized epistemology may thereby be seen as an attempt to enable the provision of valid and indubitable grounds for the formation of beliefs within some(prenominal) the empirical and moral realms of human existence.\r\n'

'Gettysburg film, 1993 Essay\r'

'The characterisation Gettysburg is a painting that details the employment of Gettysburg, which in addendumk place from July 1-3 in 1863. The betrothal culminated in a major victory for the due north, art object companion troops in a path viewed the conflict as a last fortuity fight to take control in the cultured War. The film begins by showing the preparations for action on Jun 30 of 1863, and then it goes on to demonstrate the cleverness of officials who decide on dodge, and then the outcomes of their betrothal plans.\r\nAt the end of the movie, Pickett’s charge is detailed, and it was perhaps one and precisely(a) of the about significant colleague defeats of the urbane War. The movie did an excellent job explaining what happened in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania during the quantify of the battle. It was non dramatized beyond its portrayal of what actually happened, and it is historically office in covering one of the most important battles of the Civil W ar. The film was tell by Ronald F. Maxwell, who followed the plot outlined in Michael Sharaa’s 1974 new about the battle, entitled The Killer Angels.\r\nThe film does non attempt to cover everything that was going on in the battle, unless it selects the main activities of each daylight, and shows the officials making find decisions. The first part of the movie, which corresponds to the beginning of the battle, and the first day of fighting, depicts the Union officer John Buford (played by surface-to-air missile Elliott) who picked the battlefield. The second story detailed was that of Joshua Chamberlain (played by Jeff Daniels), who defends atomic Round Top from the confederate troops. Then Pickett’s Charge, where the Confederacy, ordered to do so by commonplace Robert E.\r\nLee (Martin Sheen) famously charged Major George Meade’s (Richard Anderson) Union troops, and this place setting details the struggles of the Confederate public Lewis Armistead (Ri chard Jordan). The movie was made to give people an accurate overview of one of the most important battles in the Civil War, and in the invoice of the United States. Because the battle lasted only(prenominal) three days, the movie did not have too a good deal trouble outlining the main events. It serves not only to entertain, but to educate people about the affair of Gettysburg.\r\nUnlike many of Hollywood’s attempts to duplicate historical moments of note, this movie was not full of dally and historically inaccurate, but dramatic, side-stories; it was accurate and because of the importance of its subject, it did not need to be spiced up to be recognized as a good film. The film was historically accurate. The only thing to say about a discrepancy between the film and the actual battle is that the film did not show as a lot about other things going on when it was cerebrate on a particular story.\r\nFor instance, not much was shown about what was going on in Confederat e camps as the Union troops were preparing for war in the first couple of scenes. The extras used in battle scenes are accurately dressed in the right style of uniform, and the plotline of the movie doe not accept anything that was absent from the actual battle. â€Å"The directors of the movie hired history professors and Civil War enthusiasts to advise them, to adjudge undisputable they were accurate throughout the whole of the film. Historical the true was of great concern to the producers and director,” James Beradinelli of ReelReviews writes.\r\nâ€Å"They hired a veritable army of advisors to correct even the most minute mistakes in the script (if a ecumenic given a pale horse in the movie was known to have favored a dark horse, the mount was changed), used the actual sites in Pennsylvania as often as feasible (where hiding war monuments became an art), and â€Å"recruited” more than 5000 unpaid re-enactors to replete up the screen during the battle scene s (thus helping to halt the budget at a reasonable $20 million). The result is a movie that looks and feels real. ”\r\nThe director and producers valued to capture the actions that occurred in the battle itself in their movie. They exclamatory situation’s of valiance, such as (most notably) Pickett’s Charge, where 50,000 troops were killed and wounded, and General Lee’s motivational speech to the troops before they went to battle. The directors wanted to make sure that the people understood even the smallest details of the battle, so they showed the scenes where officials decided on battle tactics, including the scene where General Lee ignores Lt. General Longstreet’s (Tom Berenger) strategy and accepts\r\nPickett’s (Stephen Lang), who was selected to lead the troops, leading many confederate soldiers to their death as they pressed on to Union General George Meade’s troops. There was no detectable bias in the movie. It was intended to by a historically accurate overview of the Battle of Gettysburg, and that is what it was. Even without the addition of dramatic Hollywood moments, the film includes dramatic scenes that were shew in the battle, such as Lee’s speech to his troops before Pickett’s charge, directed to his fellow Virginians.\r\nThe movie was a great overview of the Battle of Gettysburg, including some of the battle’s smaller details. however it managed to keep the eye of its viewers despite being four hours and fourteen minutes long. The film was gripping, but accurate, and without noticeable biases or added dramatic, Hollywood situations. Works Cited Boatner, scratching M. The Civil War Dictionary. New York: Vintage Books, 1991 history in dash. 1999. Gettysburg. 19 April 2009. http://www. historyinfilm. com/gettysbg/default. htm\r\nInternet Movie Database. 1993. Gettysburg. 19 April 2009. http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0107007/ Nesbitt, Mark. 35 Days to Gettysburg- The Cam paign Diaries of two American Enemies. Harrisburg, Stackpole Books, 1992. Oates, William C. and Haskell, Frank A. Gettysburg. New York Bantam, 1992. Ron Maxwell. com. 1993 Gettysburg, a Film by Ronald Maxwell. 18 April 2009. http://www. ronmaxwell. com/gettysburg. html Sauers, Richard A. The Gettysburg Campaign- June 3- August 1, 1863. Westport: Greenwood Press,1982.\r\n'

'Malaysia Is A Multiracial Country Essay\r'

'Malaysia is a multiracial estate with a rich cultural heritage. Here, good deal strongly believe in respecting each other’s culture and religion. Malaysia is unique because of its diversity of races, religions and cultures, the stability of the dry land and many places of interests. Besides, there are many internationalist achievements which are the pride of our nation. Diversity of races, religions and cultures is a probative characteristisc of our nation. Languages\r\nThere are as many manner of speakings verbalise in Malaysia as there are people of divergent ethnic backgrounds. Bahasa Malaysia is the official language, but fortuitously for expats in Malaysia, side is an active second language which is widely spoken particularly by avocation people. The official term for the English used by people living in Malaysia is Malaysian archetype English. The use of â€Å"Manglish” is a form of colloquial English with Malay, Chinese and Tamil influences often hea rd on the streets, is being actively discouraged by the government. In total, there are over 130 different languages spoken in Malaysia. The most common ones †unconnected from the Bahasa Malaysia and English †are various Chinese dialects as well as Tamil.\r\nCostumes\r\nMost Malaysians dress as Westerners do but many Muslim women dig long skirts or pants and head scarves. On special occasion, people from each ethnic\r\n meeting fall apart their traditional clothes. For Malay women, they support the baju kurung objet dart Malay men wear the baju melayu with a songkok on their head. Althernatively, the men wear batik shirts with trousers. Indian women wear the sari. The salwar kameez or Punjabi suit is popular with blue Indian ladies. The kurta is the traditional attire for men or formal occasions. For Chinese , the traditional clothes for women is Cheongsam date for the man they wear samfu. Peranakan ladies are also know as Baba Nyonya , they are Chinese immigrants w ho intermarried Malay partners. They wear the elegant Kebaya that can be described as traditional high fashion.\r\n'

'Disaster Hit Japan Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Engineering Essay\r'

'IntroductionCatastrophe hit japan Fukushima Daiichi nuclear forcefulness lieu on March 11, 2011,\r\nDue to the broad expelling of actinotherapy from the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and is far worsened than the 1979 Three knot Island hazard in the linked States. Unlike at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, Fukushima desolation was initiated by natural sequels monolithic earthquake and tsunami quite a than equipment failure and human mistake. The tsunami knocked out the sustenance agency strategys needed to chill the nuclear reactors at the kit and boodle, doing virtu in ally of them to change runing raise, H detonations and hot anesthetizes. Fukushima catastrophe surveies be in possession of determine alterations in the design, response actions, and new(prenominal) sentry go betterments that john be reduced or re go the internality of radiation sickness released from the mill. As a consequence, Fukushima has prompted a re-examination of nuclear in force(p )ty get hold ofs around the universe, including the unit of measuremente States.\r\nradioactive spoil from the Fukushima whole caboodle required the elimination of commwholeies up to 25 stat mis asunder, which affects up to 100,000 people, some of them everlastingly banded from their places. Believed to wee-wee pr compensateted the trans wayation of radiation exposure among occupants of Nipponese restrictive bounds in most instances. Near-term mortality and unwholesomeness ensuing from radiation may non be believed ; even preservecerous neoplastic disease and other long-run wellness loads remain possible. Workers at the industrial plant exposed to radiation degrees far higher, with at to the lowest degree dickens suffered radiation Burnss on their pess after walk in foul H2O. Two other hunt downers swim in the tsunami.\r\nCatastrophe re mastery has absorbed on reconstructing the chilling systems at trinity of the most seriously change reactors at the kit a nd boodle half a dozen units and defy the radioactive emanations into air and H2O. The work has been affected by high radiation degrees in the full treatment and the go oning stately structural disablement. Nipponese authorities decl ard December 16, 2011, that damaged the Fukushima reactors has reached â€Å" c anile closure, ” a milepost in the reactor chilling H2O is at a lower place the boiling temperature at atmospheric force per unit ara. In the winter closing, the menace of progress releases of radioactive diminution may permit some occupants to proceed master returning to the least begrime evacuation zone.\r\n lacquer ‘s environment curate inform December 19, 2011 that to the highest degree $ 15 billion was\r\nProvided for the pervert of the industrial plant Fukushima Daiichi, an duty that has of wholly time occurred before. masterly decommissioning and leveling the workings is expect to take 40 darkened ages, and the wide cost of catastrop hes late expected by the commission of the Nipponese authorities exceeded $ 75 billion.\r\nInstitute of nuclear strength Operations ( INPO ) , a security organisation established by the U.S. nuclear designer industry after the Three Mile Island disaster, publish a elaborate description of the Fukushima accident in November 2011. INPO study affords a timeline of actions taken in response to each unit Fukushima Daiichi works and the system of events taking to the chief reactor nucleus harm and radioactive release. It aims â€Å" to supply accurate, amalgamate beginning of information ” about the event. However, the study notes, â€Å" Because of the extended harm at the site, some of the event inwardly informations argon non cognize or have non been confirmed.\r\nThe intent of this CRS study is to play up facets of the Fukushima catastrophe that may bear on the synthetic rubber of U.S. nuclear workss and divisionic get-up-and-go policy in general. It gives a brie f account of the Fukushima incident, including new inside informations provided by INPO studies, public discourse by the catastrophe, and a description of U.S. assistance given to japan.DrumheadThe immense seism and tsunami that struck Japan ‘s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear fountain invest on March 11, 2011, knocked out backup might systems that were needed to chill the reactors at the works, doing three of them to belowgo terminate thaw, H detonations, and radioactive releases. Radioactive taint from the Fukushima works forced the emptying of communities up to 25 stat mis strike and affected up to 100,000 occupants, although it did non do any immediate deceases.\r\nTokyo galvanizing place Company ( TEPCO ) operates the Fukushima nuclear military force composite in the Futaba territory of Fukushima prefecture in Yankee Japan, dwelling of sestet atomic units at the Fukushima Daiichi station and four atomic units at the Fukushima Daini station. completely the units at t he Fukushima composite argon boiling H2O reactors, with reactors 1 to 5 at the Fukushima Daiichi site being the planetary Electric denounce I design, which is overly used in the social united States. The Fukushima Daiichi reactors entered commercial effect in the old ages from 1971 ( reactor 1 ) to 1979 ( reactor 6 ) . The Fukushima Daini reactors shut down automatically after the temblor and were able to prolong sufficient chilling.\r\nWhen the temblor struck, Fukushima Daiichi units 1, 2, and 3 were bring frontwarding electricity and nearly down automatically. The temblor caused offsite queen supplies to be lost, and backup Diesel generators started up every moment designed to provide backup aim. However, the subsequent tsunami swamp the electrical switchgear for the Diesel generators, doing most AC power in units 1 to 4 to be lost. Because social unit 4 was undergoing a c are closure, all of its atomic provide had been removed and placed in the unit ‘s exhau sted give the axe storage family. angiotensin-converting enzyme generator continued runing to chill units 5 and 6.\r\nThe divergence of all AC power in units 1 to 3 prevented valves and pumps from operating that were\r\nneeded to take ignite and force per unit area that was being generated by the radioactive decay of the\r\natomic enkindle in the reactor cores. As the give notice rods in the reactor nucleuss overheated, they reacted\r\nwith steam to bring forth big sums of H, which take flight into the unit 1, 3, and 4 reactor edifices and exploded ( the H that exploded in building block 4 is believed to indorse keep abreast from Unit 3 ) . The detonations interfered with attempts by works workers to reconstruct chilling and helped distribute radiation. Cooling was anyhow lost in the reactors ‘ spent supply pools, although recent analysis has found that no important overheat took topographic point.\r\nRadioactive stuff released into the ambiance produced exceedi ngly high radiation dosage rates roughly the works and left big countries of land uninhabitable, curiously to the Northwest of the works.Picture1. Japan Earthquake Epicentre and nuclear set LocationsThe temblor on March 11, 2011, off the east seashore of Honshu, Japan ‘s enceintest island, reportedly caused an automatic closure of 11 of Japan ‘s 55 operating atomic power plants.5 close to of the closures proceeded without incident. However, the workss closest to the epicenter, Fukushima and Onagawa ( diagnose picture 1 ) , were damaged by the temblor and ensuing tsunami. The Fukushima Daiichi works after suffered hydrogen detonations and terrible atomic fuel harm, let go ofing important sums of radioactive stuff into the environment.Picture 2. universal Electric Mark I Boiling Water reactor and Containment BuildingTokyo Electric military group Company ( TEPCO ) operates the Fukushima atomic power composite in the Futaba territory of Fukushima prefecture in Northe rn Japan, dwelling of six atomic units at the Fukushima Daiichi station and four atomic units at the Fukushima Daini station. All the units at the Fukushima composite are boiling H2O reactors ( BWRs ) , with reactors 1 to 5 at the Fukushima Daiichi site being the General Electric Mark I design ( Refer Picture 2 ) . The Fukushima Daiichi reactors entered commercial operation in the old ages from 1971 ( reactor 1 ) to 1979\r\n( Reactor 6 ) .Identifies whether the Fukushima atomic catastrophe is natural or man-made. clear explain your justification.Fukushima Daiichi atomic power works is dictated in the towns of Okuma and Futaba Japan. Commissioned in 1971, this works consists of six boiling H2O reactors which drove the electrical generators with a combined power of 4.7 GW, doing Fukushima Daiichi one of the 15 largest atomic power postss in the universe. Fukushima was the first atomic works to be designed, constructed and run in concurrence with General Electric, Boise, and Tokyo El ectric provide Company ( TEPCO ) .The works suffered major harm from the 9.0 temblors and subsequent tsunami that hit Japan on March 11, 2011 and, as of today, is non expected to reopen. The temblor and tsunami disabled the reactor chilling systems, taking to atomic radiation leaks and triping a 30 kilometer emptying zone environing the works. On April 20, 2011, the Nipponese governments declared the 20 kilometer emptying zone a no-go country which may plainly be entered under authorities supervising.\r\nAlthough triggered by these cataclysmal events, the subsequent accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant endure non be regarded as a natural catastrophe. modify by the temblor and the consequent tsunami could non be rule out as direct causes of the catastrophe, nevertheless. This determination may collar serious deductions for Japan ‘s total atomic reactors, which were shut down following the Fukushima accident. An autonomous probe direction accused TEPCO and regulators at the atomic and industrial safety bureau of neglecting to take equalize safety step, despite grounds that the country was hypersensitive to powerful temblors and tsunamis, Fukushima atomic power works accident was the consequence of collusion between the authorities, the regulators and TEPCO, and the deficiency of administration. It similarly express that, â€Å" They efficaciously betrayed the state ‘s rectify to be safe from atomic accidents. It is believed that the root causes were the organisational and regulative systems that supported faulty principles for determinations and actions, kind of than issues associating to the competency of any specific person. Therefore, the independent probe committee concluded that the accident was clearly ‘man-made ‘ that could and should hold been foreseen and prevented.Carefully observed the industrial procedure and operation of the Fukushima atomic works.Any typical atomic reactor set aside Fukushim a power works is merely portion of the life-cycle for atomic power. The procedure starts with uranium mines situated belowground, open-pit, or unmoved(predicate) leach mines. Atoms of U are the largest and at any rate the heaviest cognize to happen on Earth. Bing well-grounded they are besides really unstable. The karyon of a uranium atom dissolve scant(p) interrupt up into two smaller pieces. This procedure is called fission. The two fragments so produced evaporate apart with enormous velocity. As they collide with other atoms in a ball of U they come to a halt. In the procedure they heat up the uranium ball. This is how zippo is released from the atom and converted to heat. The energy produced in fission is described as atomic energy by some and atomic energy by others.\r\nIn any instance, the U ore is extracted, usually converted into a stable and compact variety such(prenominal) as U308, and so transported to a impact installment. Here, the U308 is converted to urani um hexafluoride, which is so enriched utilizing various techniques. At this point, the enriched U, incorporating more than the natural 0.7 % U-235, is used to do rods of the proper composing and geometry for the peculiar reactor that the fuel is destined for. The fuel rods impart pass about 3 operational rhythms ( typically 6 old ages entire like a shot ) inside the reactor, by and large until approximately 3 % of their U has been fissioned, so they allow be moved to a spent fuel pool where the short lived isotopes generated by fission can disintegrate off. After about 5 old ages in a spent fuel pool the spent fuel is radioactively and thermally smooth plenty to manage and it can be moved to dry storage casks or reprocessed.\r\nControl of operation of the atomic power station involves two things. legislation of power coevals to keep it at a safe and steady degree and secondly entire closure of the reactor really rapidly if needed. The power is kept changeless by the usage of w hat are known as adjustor rods. These are untreated steel rods. When these rods are introduced into the reactor vas, the strand answer slows down and heat coevals beads. If the control rods are somewhat pulled out of the reactor vas, the concatenation response picks up and power degree rises. In other word if the reactor gets excessively hot, the control rods are lowered in and it cools down. If that does nt work, there are sets of necessity control rods that automatically drop in and close the reactor down wholly. To shutdown the reactor wholly, the heavy H2O is drained out of the reactor vas in a fraction of a 2nd. In the absence of heavy H2O in the vas, the concatenation reaction ceases wholly. Below shows the simple procedure for easy apprehension of Fukushima atomic Power Plant and many an(prenominal) others.\r\nAdvantages of atomic power works\r\nNuclear power costs about the same as ember\r\nDoes non bring forth fume or C dioxide, so it does non lend to the nursery co nsequence\r\nProduces itsy-bitsy sums of waste.\r\nProduces immense sums of energy from little sums of fuel.\r\nNuclear power is dependable.\r\nDisadvantages of atomic power works\r\nNuclear power is dependable, but a batch of money has to be spent on safety †if it does travel incorrect, a atomic accident can be a major catastrophe.\r\nAlthough non much waste is produced, it is really grave.\r\nIt mustiness be sealed up and buried for many 1000s of old ages to let the radiation to decease off.\r\nFor all that clip it must be kept safe from temblors, implosion therapy, terrorists and everything else.Measure the impact of the Fukushima atomic catastrophe to the society, ecology, sociology and wellness.The prostration of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant caused a monolithic release of radioactive stuffs to the environment. A prompt and dependable system for measuring the biological impacts of this accident on enliven beings has non been available. The monolithic relea se of radioactive caused physiological and familial harm to the pale grass blue Zizeeria Maha, a common lycaenid butterfly in Japan. Samples were unruffled in the Fukushima country in May 2011, some of which showed comparatively mild abnormalcies. The 1st coevals payoff from the first-voltine females showed more terrible abnormalcies, which were inherited by the newer coevals. boastful butterflies collected in September 2011 showed more terrible abnormalcies than those collected in May. Similar abnormalcies were by experimentation reproduced in persons from a non-contaminated country by remote and internal low- do drugs exposures. It is apparent that unreal radionuclides from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant caused physiological and familial harm to this species. The leash catastrophe has highlighted and compounded such preexistent implicit in(p) issues as falling make rates, the fragmenting of the household unit, and the shrinkage of local communities. During the five old ages before the catastrophe, birth rates had been steadily falling in Japan. The now day-to-day concerns about radiation degrees, safe food and H2O have left many greenish twosomes unwilling to take on the perceived uncertain undertaking of raising kids in a unsafe environment. The prevailing tendency during the pre-quake old ages, brought about in the first place by deficiency of economic beatment in local communities, had been for immature people to go forth their small towns to seek higher-paid occupations in the larger towns and metropoliss, merely returning place for vacations and other jubilations. The immediate effect of this has been the diminution of small town communities. The longer-term effect will be the eroding of regional individuality, at a clip when, more than of all time, communities affected by the temblor need their younger coevals. Predicted future malignant neoplastic disease deceases due to accrued radiation exposures in the population life near Fukushim a have ranged from none to 100 to a non-peer-reviewed â€Å" guestimate ” of 1,000. On 16 December 2011, Nipponese governments declared the works to be stable, although it would take decennaries to decontaminate the environing countries and to decommission the works wholly.Outline the actions taken by Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) , authorities and the regulative organic social organisation during the happening of the Fukushima atomic catastrophe.Roadmap towards the decommissioning of Units 1-4 of TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station\r\nCold Shutdown Condition is maintained at Unit 1-3. Measures to complement position monitoring are being implemented.\r\nProbe of the interior of Unit 1 PCV and installing of PCV thermometer and H2O gage\r\nInstallation of Unit 2 RPV alternate thermometer\r\nCountermeasures against accrued H2O increase by groundwater invasion\r\nGroundwater invasion bar ( Groundwater beltway )\r\n removal of radioactive stuffs ( Multi-nuclide removal equipment installing )\r\nStorage of contaminated water/treated H2O ( Additional fit combat vehicles )\r\nContinue execution of steps to downplay the impact of radiation on the country outdoor(a) the power station\r\nEffective radiation dose decrease at the site boundaries\r\nDecrease of densenesss of radioactive stuffs included in the saltwater in the port\r\nPreparation for fuel remotion from the spent fuel pool is in advancement\r\nDebris remotion from the upper portion of Units 3-4 Reactor Building and cover installing for fuel remotion at Unit 4\r\nSoundness probe of the fresh ( unirradiated ) fuel in Unit 4 spent fuel pool\r\nProcuring a sufficient figure of workers and work safety\r\nGuaranting the APD use and coaction with concerted companies\r\n enkindle stroke bar\r\nResearch and development for fuel dust remotion and radioactive waste affect and disposal\r\nDecontamination of the interior of edifices and development of the comprehensive radiation dose decrea se com founder program\r\nProbe and go under of the escape on the underside of the PCV\r\nUnderstanding and analysing the attitude of the interior of the reactor\r\nWord picture of fuel dust and seting for fuel dust affect\r\nRadioactive waste processing and disposal\r\n fortify of Research and Development direction\r\nFuture program for research Centres\r\nResearch and Development Management home plate\r\nProcuring and furthering human resources from a long- and-midterm position\r\nApart from all those mentioned above, Japan have besides taken a good deal more measure as per below during the happening of the atomic power works catastrophe\r\nProbes of the Nipponese Lower House\r\n radical legal limitations for exposure to radiation proposed\r\nRequest for decommissioning the Tokai Daini Power works\r\nFukushima wants all 10 atomic reactors scrapped\r\nTEPCO quest for authorities compensation\r\nAt least 1 trillion hankerings needed for decontamination\r\nMajority of Nippones e atomic reactors taken off line\r\nExcess mental faculty members for Kiev embassy\r\nEnergy argument changed in Japan\r\n40 twelvemonth bound for life hybridize of atomic reactors\r\nFood-aid used to take down frights for contaminated nutrient abroad\r\nOkuma asked to be declared as no-go-zone\r\nDelay of linear closure in Fukushima\r\nNo return-zone\r\nEvacuation zone partial lifted\r\n observe the impact of radiation-exposure at the wellness of occupants\r\nTesting initiate tiffins\r\nStress-tests\r\nDebris disposal\r\nInterim Storage installation\r\nCondemnable charges against NISA, NSA and TEPCO\r\nCompensation standards for former occupants of the emptying zonesPropose impressive preventative action to be strengthen by Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) in re-examine the atomic works safety.Before the Fukushima Dai-ichi atomic catastrophe, TEPCO did non put in topographic point tsunami protection steps as portion of its accident direction plan. The TEPCO ‘s steps against a state of affairs, in which reactor nucleuss are earnestly damaged by a natural catastrophe other than a tsunami, were besides rather lacking. This came to visible radiation from the testimony of several(prenominal) TEPCO functionaries during hearings conducted by this Investigation Committee. At the Fukushima Dai-ichi, three of its atomic reactors got severe coincident harm. After deluging cut off all power supply, there was no exoneration at all to cover with this, doing it highly stark to get by with the state of affairs. One can merely reason that TEPCO ‘s deficiency of front accident direction steps to cover with a tsunami was an highly serious job. However below are the guidelines TEPCO should see in re-examining the works safety\r\nThe demand for independency and transparence\r\nOrganizational preparedness for western fence lizard and effectual exigency response\r\nRe erudition of its function as a supplier of disaster-related information to Japan and the universe\r\nRetention of ace human resources such as greater specialised expertness\r\nAttempts to pile up up information and get scientific cognition\r\nPalingenesis\r\nLack of terrible accident readiness for tsunamis\r\nLack of consciousness of the branchings of a multidimensional catastrophe\r\nLack of an across-the-board positionDecisionTepco Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident was the consequence of collusion between the authorities, regulators and the [ clannish works operators ] Tepco, and the deficiency of administration by the said party. They efficaciously betrayed its right to be safe from a atomic accident. Therefore, we concluded that the accident was clearly â€Å" synthetic ” .\r\nWe believe that the cause of the organisation and ordinance instead than issues related to the competency of any peculiar person.\r\nAll the right failed to develop the most basic safety demands †such as measuring the chance of harm, ready to incorporate the indirect harm f rom any catastrophe, and develop emptying programs for the populace in instance of a serious release of radiation.\r\n'

'Analysing the impact of Chinese FDI in Africa: A case study of Nigeria and Ghana.\r'

'INTRODUCTION interrogation ProblemThe proposed enquiry set outs to examine the return of Chinese exotic use up investiture (FDI) in gold coast and Nigeria in cab bet to perform a cross- outlandish abbreviation of the respective impacts of such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) enthronisations in these countries. gold coast and Nigeria sh atomic bet 18 a number of identical characteristics, which suck in for a mapful comparison, as it is posited in this aim that the similarities amongst the 2 Afri idler countries leave behind allow for a cross- field of require comparison of the impacts of Chinese FDI in these countries. The vector sums of the analysis impart be used to make recommendations on how gold coast and Nigeria should make appropriate use of china’s FDI to achieve growing in these countries.\r\nAnalyzing the impact of Chinese FDI in gold coast and Nigeria has been the report of some academic authorizeigate. However, prior stud ies take up rivet on the individual affinitys among these Afri gage countries and brinyland mainland mainland china (SWAC/OECD, 2011). With the rapid changes in the world(a) enthronization environment, specially in light of the global recession, it is essential to d unsanded the key determining factors of FDI inflows to gold coast and Nigeria, in order of magnitude to tumble the impact of these FDIs in this region. Although stinting appendage has been specified as a matu acute goal in this region, academic investigate exploring the nature of the sparing kinship amid chinawargon and gold coast / china and Nigeria suggests that the influx of FDI into these maturation economies may turn out the answer of retarding the overall development in these countries, as it prioritizes the maturation of rude(a) visions over essential developmental goals (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).Aims and ObjectivesThis investigate has two main goals. First is to evaluate the impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria in order to handle a cross- rude analysis of their respective sparing births. Second is to analyze the overall impact of Chinese FDI on the development of these countries.\r\nIn order to pick up the primary goals of this take away, the future(a) objectives gift been identified:\r\nTo hold a suppositious good example for analyzing the impacts of FDI in ontogeny countries, specifically indoors the context of countries in the western African which confound immense natural resources To progress to a theoretical fashion model for measuring the impacts of FDI in Ghana and Nigeria, taking into consideration the differences in frugal development and investiture climate. To watch out the factors influencing the economic relationship amongst chinaw atomic number 18 and Ghana / chinaw atomic number 18 and Nigeria, and to analyze these in ground of the established framework. To comp be and separate the respective impacts of Chinese FD I on Ghana and Nigeria in order to draw conclusions regarding how to manage and improve their relationships query QuestionsA format of interrogation questions has been formulated establish on the main goals and objectives of the study. These questions help to guide the study by ensuring that the analysis stays cogitatesed on the primary interrogation subject. Below ar the research questions for this study:\r\nWhat atomic number 18 the determinants of FDI impacts in African countries and how be these measured What atomic number 18 the specific impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria How do these impacts correlate with the determinants identified in question 1 To what extent be the impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria comparable What cross- boorish recommendations can be do in order to ensure that developmental goals and substantiative determinants of FDI be achieved in both countriesBackground informationDue to rapid globalisation and the growing inter colon y among countries, FDI has been recognized as superstar of the closely evidential means of outside outstanding transfers. Over the years, FDI has grown to be an essential serving in the economic development of many dry lands (Benacek et. al., 2000).\r\nMorgan (2003) and Johnson (2005) engender highlighted the beneficial impacts that FDI can provide to a emcee materialm. These intromit: (a) generating incremental resources such as cap and technology, to help boost the level of domestic outputs and have a bun in the oven better, more than than affordable goods and services; (b) outflow of pitying resources, attention practices and technologies from orthogonal slosheds to domestic stage businesses , which enables the multitude country to improve their operations and fight; and (c) profitd troth of the swarm country in transnational securities industrys, such as foreign deputise grocery store and planetary throw.\r\nDue to the economic harvest-festival a nd welf argon that FDI brings to the soldiers country, this enthr mavinment funds funds is preferred by closely development countries because it offers a faster authority to achieve a more advanced level of economic development. However, FDI presents a lot of risks for investors. Due to these risks, countries are compelled to offer manifest bonuss, as well as to put collateral regulation and systems in place to draw investors. Unfortunately, most ontogeny nations frequently neglect to build an incentive system for foreign financiers (Botric & Skuflic, 2005). Consequently, the bulk of FDI is offered to developed countries such as the US, Germany, and Belgium (UNCTAD, 2011a).\r\nTraditionally, investiture relationships in Ghana and Nigeria are established with European and American coronation partners, as these countries are the primary sources of FDI, trade, and fiscal and technological back up. These relationships train a number of bilateral and regional agreemen ts with Nigeria and Ghana. in spite of the many years of economic relationships with these countries, in that respect are still differing opinions as to the impact of these investments on the development of Ghana and Nigeria (Tsikata, et al., 2010).\r\nFDI in Africa has been increase steadily since 2002 with more or less $53 meg worth of FDI in 2007, representing an increase from 2006 of 47.2%. This increase was the highest recorded level of FDI in Africa at the time. With the global recession, the percentage of global FDI into Africa has pick upd a epoch- qualification decline from 3.2% in 2006 to 2.9% in 2007. Since then, however, the African preservation has proved resilient, growing to over $61.9 jillion in 2008, and the rate of return on FDI in Africa since 2004 has grown to 12.1%. In playition, mergers and acquisitions in Africa have move by approximately 157% to $2 billion in 2008 (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).\r\n enthronisation in Nigeria and Ghana by Chinese investors has grown lustyly since 1971 as a resolution of the complementary nature of their economies. Chinese investment in Ghana has been growing consistently in the previous decade with significant increase seen from 2004 to 2005, representing $3.09 million and $17.87 million, respectively. Research indicates that the Chinese share, as a percentage of marrow investment by chinaware in Ghana, implies that FDI is increasing (Frimprong, 2012). Investment by the Chinese in Nigeria reveals a similar situation, as Chinese FDI grew twice as much surrounded by 2003 and 2005, increasing from $3 billion to $6 billion.\r\nGhana and Nigeria lack significant investments in infrastructure that is regarded to support the development required to result in measurable economic growth. To this end, china has developed a successful and competent anatomical structure industry, coupled with the ability to provide Nigeria and Ghana with the requisite chapiter needed to drive this infrastructure deve lopment (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). In this way, the flow of investment into Ghana and Nigeria is complementary cod to the nature and needs of the respective economies. However, the Chinese industrialization drive and the ulterior inflow of FDI into China’s delivery has led to rapid growth in the manufacturing sector, which entails the use of inunct and mineral inputs that are overwhelming China’s internal resource capabilities (Ibid). As a result, China is facial expression to underdeveloped nations such as Nigeria and Ghana to supplement their postal code resource requirements to support their growing economy. Consequently, the relationship between Chinese FDI inflows into Ghana and Nigeria are being draw as exerciseative and as having an up preparednessting action on the westmostern development goals that have been set for the region (Tsikata, et al., 2010).\r\nThis disallow perception about China’s sideline in Nigeria and Ghana are payable to the fact that the oil colour and gas sector accounts for more than 75% of Chinese investments. This implies that China explores to exploit Nigeria’s natural resources. This further suggests that Chinese FDI in Nigeria is a relationship pr ane(a) to exploitation and is say-soly damaging to the developmental goals of the region (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).\r\nDespite these negative images, Chinese FDI in Nigeria and Ghana has not been focused solely on the exploitation of natural resources. Chinese FDI has actually helped to achieve significant growth in the manufacturing and services industry in both countries (Frimpong, 2012).\r\nThe investment climate in Africa has become significantly more attractive as a result of the significant efforts to liberalize investment regulations and offer incentives for FDI. The result, however, has not been as positive as originally intended due to significant businesss over the economic and policy-making constancy of the region.\r\nLITERAT URE REVIEWFDI renderingThe analysis of relevant writings has shown that in that berth is not one universally recognized interpretation of FDI. Nevertheless, the sundry(a) definitions of FDI do not differ considerably. FDI is comm tho perceived as either a genuine phenomenon or a financial phenomenon (Moosa, 2002).\r\nWithin the placement of a financial phenomenon, FDI is defined as:\r\nA kind of transnational investment transfer; wherein FDI is the expiry of variations in avocation judge between two economies, because the country with higher(prenominal) interest levels is more kindly for foreign businesses An external supply of funding for the national economy ? FDI shows the influxes of foreign investment into the nation in spite of appearance a certain timeframe, which is indicated in the balance of payments A means of reducing and til nowtually eradicating poverty finished with(predicate) FDI-driven economic growth in developing countries, and in Africa, specifi cally in light of United Nations millennium Development Goals (MDG) (Asiedu, 2006)\r\nHowever, when FDI is considered exclusively in financial impairment, in that respect seems to be an underestimation of the degree to which FDI is related with a varied array of exertion elements. Among the most significant non-financial inflows are managerial skills, expertise, and technology. This implies that although financial flows seem to a main component of FDI, it is not necessarily the booster cable element. Furthermore, according to Moosa (2002) a distinctive characteristic of FDI compared with differentwisewise kinds of cosmos-wide investments is its function in aiming focal point policies and decisions. As such, describing FDI as purely a financial phenomenon appears to undervalue this aspect.\r\nA more inclusive definition of FDI that is mostly acknowledged by other transnational organizations (e.g. IMF, Eurostat, UNCTAD) is proposed by OECD. According to the OECD (1999, p. 7), FDI ’reflects the aim of obtaining a pertinacious interest by a resident entity of one economy ( get off investor) in an enterprise that is resident of some other economy ( orchestrate investment enterprise).’\r\nThe term ’lasting interest’ refers to the formation of a long-standing sleeper concerning the investor and the direct investment establishment This alike involves bitant impacts on the management of such enterprise. A direct investor is ’the owner of 10% or more of ordinary shares or suffrage stock‘(OECD, 1999, p.8). The IMF recommends applying this requirement of a minimum 10% ownership to differentiate direct investment twin portfolio investment through shareholding. ground from this perspective, a direct investor can be any of the following entities: (a) individual, (b) separate of henchmand individuals, (c) government, (d) incorporated or unincorporated company, tete-a-tete or public, and (e) group of associated co mpanies, incorporated or unincorporated. The entity has a direct investment establishment situated in a country that is not where the direct investor resides (Duce, 2003).\r\n condition investment enterprise can have any of the subsequent forms:\r\nSubsidiary ? a direct investor restraints greater than 50% of the voting power allocated to shareholders. Controlling the shareholdings can be done either directly or indirectly, via a different subsidiary. The direct investor has the authority to secure or terminate members of the Supervisory Board or precaution Board. Associate Company ? a direct investor owns between 10 to 50 % of the voting power allocated to shareholders. similarly the control of shareholdings can be done either directly or indirectly. Branch ? a direct investor is also the owner of an unincorporated establishment (whole or joint ownership) in the host country. This can be in several forms, such as a joint venture, an unincorporated partnership, or a constant of fice for the direct investor. This may also be in the form of fixed/immobile equipment, portable equipment, property, or constructions located in the host country (OECD, 1999).\r\nChoosing a specific kind of direct investment business also depends on different considerations, the most significant of which is the present law in the host country (Duce, 2003). In considering the impact of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria, it is useful to consider the form of investment that FDI takes, with regard to the respective economies. Based from preliminary research, it is exonerate that Chinese FDI in Nigeria is significantly higher than its FDI in Ghana, when compared to one another.\r\nConsidering the high concentration of FDI in the oil and gas sector, it is possible that the economic relationship between Nigeria and Chinese may be contradictory to the developmental goals and overall well-being of the country. Whilst Chinese FDI in Ghana is seen across a variety of sectors such as aluminum , iron ore, manganese, alloy, timber, waste materials, cocoa beans, cotton linters, and crisp fish (Rahman, 2012). This indicates that the overall impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana may be more attuned to developmental goals, compared to China’s relationship with Nigeria.FDI determinants †Theoretical ApproachAs FDI became a focal point in the legitimate global economy, research workers have attempted to describe the conduct of multinational steadfasts and FDI determinants through the proposal of different theories.\r\nAdam smith (Concept of haughty Advantages) and David Ricardo ( conjecture of proportional Advantages) had originally discussed FDI as a rollick of international trade. Smith and Ricardo proposed that countries should focus on producing goods where they can offer a cost advantage (i.e. imperious advantage for Smith; comparative degree advantage for Ricardo). The profusion of goods generated by a country is intended for export. Simultaneously, the coun try imports goods that it cannot urinate domestically because it lacks cost advantages for their production (Sen, 2010). The theories of Smith and Ricardo are the foundations of current views on FDI. Therefore, these give be considered in the design of the theoretical framework.\r\nHeckscher and Olin linked international trade and with the benefits brought by the factors of production. Thus, a country essential focus in producing final goods of which the raw materials are reasonably plentiful in the country. Conversely, the country is recommended to import the basic components of goods that are in limited supply. This surmise regards FDI as a component of transnational capital movement. FDI flows are seen amongst economies and are described by unhomogeneous capital concentrations. Countries that are well-off in terms of capital transfer their production to countries that have abundant labor supply. This is characterized by more returns to capital and lesser returns to labor. Th is process impacts till labor and capital are equalized in the countries involved (Benacek et al., 2000). While these theories were able to associate FDI with labor cost and higher rates of investment returns, these were unable to completely rationalize FDI phenomenon (Assuncao, 2010). As such, these allow not be fully employ in the creation of this study’s theoretical framework.\r\nanother(prenominal) FDI theory is presumption by Kindleberger (1969), who presumes that direct investment can be cultivated in situations where market shortcomings or government interferences exist. In this context, particular economies produce commodities in which they can demonstrate a comparative advantage; while other products are exported because the country cannot produce them efficiently. Thus, the relationship between FDI and trade can be either substitutable or complementary. Kindleberger’s (1969) theory is applicable to the context of Ghana and Nigeria because of its considera tions of market imperfections and government interventions. These impart be helpful in pardoning some aspects of the theoretical framework.\r\nObstacles to commerce may prompt FDI in two contradictory ways. On one hand, high trade barriers tend to boost FDI because these result in high export cost. This contention stresses the location advantage aspect of FDI. In contrast, high trade barriers are a hindrance for the parent company, particularly in situations with high levels of trade with associated firms. Other researchers have also discussed the relationship between FDI and trade desolation (Balasubramanyam et al., 1996) and majority of studies describe a positive association among these variables (Benacek, 2000).\r\nDunning (1993) combined the components of contend Theory and the Theory of the Firm. Based on the OLI model, Dunning (1993) classified FDI determinants into terzetto groups. These are: (a) Ownership-specific advantages such as technology and know-how; (b) Loca tion-specific advantages including market size, transport costs, etc.; and (c) Advantages that are particular to internationalization, wherein the firm supposes that selling of ownership advantages to third parties is not as lucrative as internally employing these advantages. Moreover, Dunning (1993) came up with the Investment Development room found from the findings of his study. This framework identified five stages in the development of a country. These stages have a substantial effect on FDI inflows (Gorynia et al., 2005; Benacek et al., 2000). These stages of development exit be one of the components in the theoretical framework; thus, this study is important to this research throw.\r\nThe institutional nest presents a different perspective on the subject. Root & Ahmed (1978) and fastening & Samuelson (1986) suggested that the environment, where the enterprise conducts its operations, is unpredictable and unsure. Thus, the firm’s decisions get out be g reatly affected by institutional forces (i.e. regulations and incentives). However, in actuality, government policy defines the options that are presented to a company and which works the firm’s decisions regarding FDI, licensing, and exporting (Assuncao, 2010). The graphic symbol of government in FDI is another aspect which will be explored in the theoretical framework. The institutional procession will be part of this analysis.\r\nLast but not least, it is beneficial to consider Ozawa’s (1992) study, which connects the patterns in developing countries with Porter’s theory of a country’s competitive advantages. According to Porter, there are four groups of attributes that can be employ to a country. These are: (a) factor conditions; (b) demand conditions; (c) firm schema, structure and rivalry; and (d) related and back up enterprises. These have an warp on the nation’s competitiveness (Smith, 2012). Ozawa argues that the foreign investmen t received by developing countries, which are mainly allocated to labor-intensive sectors, results in a process of learning and technology purchase. It aids developing economies to raise their competitive advantages and thus, push the economy off along the various stages of development ? moving from the primitive factor-driven stage to the innovation-driven stage. This is described by an increasing external FDI (Ozawa, 1992). The intelligence on competitive advantage is again a major component of the theoretical framework which will be the outcome of this research. As such, the study by Ozawa (1992) presents some arguments that are life-and-death to the discussion of this research.FDI determinants †ClassificationDunning (1998) identified four groups of FDI motives. The first two groups of motives are features of the initial stage of FDI, while other groups are related to sequential FDI (Gorynia et. al., 2005).\r\nResource quest †the firm intends to obtain specific re sources at less costs than in the local/national market market Seeking †the firm intends to operate in a specific overseas market because of its size or anticipated growth. The firm builds a global scheme for the foreign market, or reduces the expenditures related to serving a certain market from a neighboring installation instead of from outside the country Efficiency Seeking †the firm intends to justify its production, distribution, and marketing (Gorynia et. al., 2005, p.65) Strategic asset Seeking †the firm seeks to extend its strategic goals; for instance, livelihood their competitiveness in international markets\r\nClause (1999) and Calderon et al., (2002) categorized FDI determinants in two groups: (a) ‘Push factors’ or investor’s intentions to position capital/investment overseas: (b) ‘ quarter factors’; or country-specific determinants, also referred to as location determinants. These factors influence the decision of the investor to find capital in a specific country. Additionally, pull factors are political, including growth estimates, or the country’s system of rules/regulations and rewards/incentives. The authors also highlighted other pull elements in the baptismal font of transitional economies. These include the process of privatization and the intensification effect, in which a direct investment results in other direct investments (Vita and Kyaw, 2008).\r\nLastly, UNCTAD (2011a) segregated FDI determinants into three categories: (a) policy framework such as economic and political stability, competition policy, etc.; (b) business facilitations, including the costs of business operations, investment motivations, etc.; and (c) economic determinants such as market growth and infrastructure. Although these determinants help to take care the overall desirability of the country, the entailment of specific groups differs depending on the sector and entry modes.\r\nThe various FDI determina nts will be explored as components of the theoretical framework. These will be investigated to find out which FDI determinants are applicable to the Ghanese and Nigerian context.Investment Climate in Ghana and Nigeria †A Comparative AnalysisAttracting increasing amounts of FDI has been a significant priority of Ghana’s government when developing and reforming economic policy. The Ghana Investment Advisory Council (GIAC) was formed with the help of the ground chamfer and is comprised of local and multinational companies and institutional observers from virtually the world. The aim of the GIAC is to ensure the removal of any regulations, which may discourage FDI in the country. The GIAC, however, does not have restrictive power over the natural resources sector, but does tone investment in all other sectors, such as banking and other financial institutions, telecommunications, energy and real estate (Tsikata, et al., 2010). The most beneficial element of the investme nt climate in Ghana is that there is no general economic or industrial strategy aimed at discriminating against foreign owned business or subsidiaries, but conversely there are incentives offered if the projects are deemed critical for national development.\r\nPrior to 1995, Nigeria was considered one of the most undesirable countries in wolframern African for FDI due to a combination of considerable restrictions and unsuitable investment climate ? the result of social, economic, and political tensions that continue to plague the country. In 1995, however, Nigeria changed the investment climate intimately by opening the economy to FDI and reversing these severe restrictions. The Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC) was created to manage the eulogy of business licenses and motivations to improve the investment climate. All restrictions on limits in foreign shareholding were also abolished in order to promote and facilitate FDI. According to current Nigerian investment l aw, 100 % foreign ownership of firms is allowed in every sector, with the exception of the petroleum sector. In this sector, investments are restricted to existing joint ventures or bare-ass production share-out contracts (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). This, however, is not necessarily a restrictive provision specific to Nigeria, since production sharing contracts have become a modern way of ensuring that ownership over natural resources is held by the host nation.\r\nIt is evident, therefore, that both the Ghanaian and Nigerian investment climates are conducive and receptive to FDI from China. In determining the potential impacts of these investments on the economies of the country, it seems evident that there is a need and desire for large capital investments. At the similar time, there is the need to stay in control of their natural resources, namely oil and minerals, which has resulted in the only restriction on FDI in the respective economies. The crucial difference between the tw o countries is the vast superiority of Nigeria with regards to their oil resources and the far-reaching make that this has had on the country as a whole. This factor must, therefore, be critically considered to assess the impact of Chinese FDI in the country.Chinese Interest in West Africa †FDI AnalysisChina provides an ideal investment partner to African countries and is often more beneficial to the host nation that traditional investment partners for a number of reasons, including few demands on the host country in exchange for investment, fewer conditions for assistance, offered assistance at lower rates of repayment and lower interest rates, and offered training for technical and professional personnel in doing so (technology transfer) (Renard, 2011). Historically, the interest in Africa from the Chinese perspective has been primarily based on the need to supplement their own natural resources, with the rapid development of their manufacturing industry necessitating a sig nificant amount of resources far outweighing any domestic production in China itself and with an abundance of these resources in West Africa, China sought to increase their investment in and trade participation within the region. In 1987, China exempted raw materials and other components due for re-export from custom duties which bolstered their international trade with African countries as being a significant source of these products and raw materials (Renard, 2011). With the Chinese admission fee to the WTO, the protectionist barriers were further removed and this served to increase trade even further. Trade in components is therefore a significant part of Chinese interest in West Africa, as well as raw materials in exchange for consumer products with low capital intensity with a commitment to moving towards more technology-intensive products.\r\nIn addition to the trade investment in West Africa, kickshaw in the region has focused on bilateral agreements with African government s. In 1994, the Exim bank building (China Export-Import Bank) was founded to encourage Chinese exports and FDI in Africa, with a specific focus on improving the infrastructure (Wang, 2007). On the other hand, China Development Bank (CDB), also established in 1994, opened the China-Africa Development Fund to assist Chinese FDI distribution into Africa, through the financing of Chinese firms looking to invest in the region. Finally, SINOSURE (China Export and Credit redress Corporation) provides these firms with insurance and protects against the risks associated with Chinese exports and foreign investment (Renard, 2011). These banks have a less risk-sensitive profile than most private banks in traditional Western investment partners, making them more willing to encourage to investment in often high-risk African countries, including Nigeria.\r\nThe opport unit of measurementy to invest in Africa by Chinese firms is as a result of the long-standing history of trade relations and supp orted by less risk-sensitive banks. These banks aim to encourage FDI in West African countries in order to birth and potentially increase trade relations with the Chinese economy. With many of the major players in the Chinese economy being state-owned (as a result of the prevailing political regime), there is a significant interest in encouraging FDI with these West African countries due to China’s desire to sustain its high economic growth. This supports the main assumption of this research that China’s FDIs into Ghana and Nigeria are exploitative in nature. Because China’s desire to sustain its economic growth as the main driving factor for its FDI, there is a lot of suspicion that Chinese state-owned investors will not care about the long-term set up of FDI, peculiarly as it focuses on extracting natural resources and raw materials from Ghana and Nigeria.\r\nMETHODOLOGYResearch PhilosophyThis study applies the positivist philosophy, based on the presumptio n that experiment and observation are passing significant in perceiving human behavior. According to this philosophy, the world can be understood in a rational way. This approach focuses on analyzing facts and seeks to understand connections; reduces experience to simple components; and tests formulated hypotheses. It usually produces qualitative selective information, which seeks to be unbiased and precise (Saunders et. al., 2009).Research ApproachThis study is experiential and it acknowledges the significance of gathering and utilizing info, to achieve precise and clear conclusions. inductive and deductive research approaches will be assiduous in the study.\r\nThe deductive approach is described as highly structured. Theories of FDI motivations are first presented, since they are especially relevant to the Chinese FDI climate. Next, the relevance of these theories to both Ghana and Nigeria is discussed through the analysis of empirical data. An inductive approach is observed throughout the gathering and examination of empirical data from trustworthy sources. From this perspective, the researcher analyses the data obtained by others, which has been integrated with the research procedures.\r\nGiven the research objectives, this study has an explanatory quality . Explanatory research aims to explain if there is an association among two or more variables of a specific incident or phenomenon.\r\nThe aim of this study is to ascertain whether there is an association between FDI inflows from China to Ghana and Nigeria using a framework for the measurement of these impacts based on economic, political or social factors which may be influenced by foreign investments.Data Collection ProcessPrimary and thirdhand data will be gathered to analyze the possible impacts of FDI inflows from China. Selected economic indicators will also be examine using five-fold regression analysis.\r\nThis research will examine the following economic indicators: gross domestic produc t growth rates; GDP per capita; inflation rates; employment rates; unit labor costs; trade balances (represented as a percentage of GDP); foreign exchange rates; merged Income Tax Rates; percentage of people with higher education; developmental goals identified by the host country and other international bodies, and public outlay on higher education.\r\nThe data that will be used in this research will be taken from several different secondary research sites. Data sources are national statistics, scholarly publications, UNDP, IMF and the innovation Bank, as well as any other directed research that is seeking to understand the relationship between Chinese FDI and its impacts in Ghana and Nigeria countries.Limitations of ResearchThe current research is limited to the extent that Ghana and Nigeria are compatible in conducting the comparative analysis. The main concern is that the vast difference in the oil dependency of these two countries will lead to a number of conclusions, which are not compatible with one another, due to the fact that the Nigerian economy revolves around oil production. It is reasonable, therefore, to think that the covering of this theory to Ghana may lead to conclusions or recommendations for improvement, which cannot be applied to the Nigerian context due to its resource dependency and the influence of the social, political and economic climate. In order to alleviate this limitation, the researcher aims to look specifically at the dependence on natural resources (mineral and oil) in the Ghanaian economy in order to ensure that this factor is given sufficient consideration in reaching the conclusions of this theoretical research.Secondary PublicationsPublished secondary resources will also be utilized in this study. These sources discussed FDI determinants from a general perspective and presented global outflows of FDI from China. These also analyzed the general determinants of FDI impacts in Africa as a developing region, with a spec ific focus on Ghana and Nigeria, and compared these impacts against one another to determine recommendations for the improvement or mitigation of FDI impacts. The application of secondary data in addressing the objectives of this research will add to the overall clarity of the research. Secondary data will be gathered by studying documents from various sources, such as international organizations and statistics offices. Other materials are peer- check outed articles, research papers, books, and other scholarly publications. These will aid in recognizing and incorporating the most relevant literature within the context of the main research questions.Limitations of Secondary SourcesThere are some limitations in using secondary sources. peerless limitation is that it involves the possibility of incurring knowledge gaps. This refers to the make when researchers are unable to find the specific data they are looking for. Moreover, data might be out go throughd or is not relevant to the research problem. Furthermore, the researcher might find contradictory points of view in the secondary data, which will result in confusion and ambiguities.\r\nTo lessen these kinds of risks, the researcher will seek the advice and guidance of academic staff specializing in this research subject regarding suggestions on literature. The researcher will also come up with a comprehensive careen of international databases of FDI to find the most current data.Data AnalysisThe data analyses that will be applied in this research are comprised of four important steps.\r\nData will be arranged in a rational way. The arrangement of primary and secondary data is based on the selection process (based on the researcher’s judgment). Data will be choose into three categories. The categories are as follows: (a) Theoretical application of FDI in a Chinese context; (b) Ghanaian and Nigerian investment climate and context; (c) the relationship between Chinese FDI and the Ghanaian and Nigerian political, social, and economic factors. Data will then be analyzed using a number of qualitative research techniques. Results will be organized in terms of theoretical FDI themes identified in the initial research.\r\n disquisition PLAN\r\nBelow is the Gantt chart for the dissertation. This outlines the main activities that will be conducted for this research.\r\n Project laboursStartDuration Task 1: makeup the research proposal05 Task 2: Writing the project plan55 Task 3: Conducting the literature review1014 Task 4: Gathering of secondary data247 Task 5: presentation of theoretical framework3120 Task 6: Analysis of the data5114 Task 7: Writing the final research report6514\r\n bank note:\r\nStart †Represents the number of days from the start date of the research project\r\nDuration †The number of days required to complete the task\r\n \r\nREFERENCES Asiedu, S. (2006) Foreign come up to Investment in Africa: The Role of Natural Resources, market place Size, Governm ent Policy, Institutions and Political Instability. United Nations University Publication [online] functional on: http://www.people.ku.edu/~jbrown/virus.html [Accessed 1 April 2013]\r\nAssuncao, S., Forte, R. and Teixeira, A. (2011) Location determinants of FDI: a literature review. 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(2012) Research on Relationship between China and Ghana: Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(7), pp. 51 †61\r\nGorynia, M., Nowak J. and Wolniak R. (2005) Motives and Modes of FDI, Firm Characteristics and Performance: campaign teach of Foreign Subsidiaries in Poland. Journal of Transitional Management.10 (3). Pp.55-87.\r\nJohnson, A. (2005) The effects of FDI inflows on host country economic growth. Jonkoping: Jonkoping global Business School.\r\nMoosa, I. (2002) Foreign Direct Investment: Theory, Evidence and Practice. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\nMorgan, T. (2005) How does FDI affect host country developmentUsing industry case studies to make reliable ge neralizations. [In:] Morgan T., Graham, E. and Blomstrom, M., Does Foreign Direct Investment promotes developmentWashington: Institute for internationalistic Economics.\r\nOECD (1999) OECD benchmark definition of Foreign Direct Investment.3rd edition. 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(2010) The Competitive Advantages of Nations: Is Porter’s Diamond Framework a New Theory That Explains The International Competitiveness of CountriesSouthern African Business Review.14. Pp.105-130.\r\nTsikata, D., Fenny, A. & Aryeetey, E. (2010) Impact of China-Africa Investment Relations: An In-depth Analysis of the Case of Ghana. Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research University of Ghana: African Research Consortium\r\nUNCTAD (2011a) World Investment piece of music 2011.Non-equity modes of international production and development. NY: United Nations.\r\nUNCTAD (2011b) World Investment Prospect Survey2011-2013.NY: United Nations.\r\nVita, G. and Kyaw, K. (2008) Determinants of FDI and Portfolio Flows to Developing Countries. A impanel co-integration analysis. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 13.Pp. 161-168.\r\nWang, J. (2007) What Drives China Growing Role in Africa. IMF Working Paper, WP/07/211. International Monetary Fund, African Department.\r\n'