Comparing Faulkners Light in August and James Portrait of a Lady Essa

Comparing William Faulkners begin in Augustand Henry mob Portrait of a Lady clean-living in August and Portrait of a Lady are two novels which embodies within them, life affirming morals. Authors like William Faulkner and Henry James possess the art of fashioning the reader learn by experiencing for themselves. William Faulkner uses the technique of introspection as well as by showing how characters and their actions can affect one another. Henry James also shows that a characters actions and decisions can greatly affect ones future and happiness. Both authors focus on the power of lyric that function only to categorize individuals into certain races or social classes. William Faulkner, in Light in August, centers his novel around the sensitive issues dealing with race, sex, social posture and personal history. Faulkner shows the reader that people who are placed in such categories receive certain expectations from companionship. The characters generally accept these categorie s as truth, and cannot escape from their expectations, both from society and from themselves. Characters are placed under labels. These labels dictate how the characters should or should not act. These labels determine the characters potential for good or evil. Race is the most declamatory label in Light in August. The race of the characters dictates how they are treated among others in society. A persons race is translated into an image. Characters affected by racism include Joe Christmas, Old Doc Hines. Joe Christmas was born an illegitimate child, from a white mother, and a father of unknown ethnic origin. From a child, he was called nigger by his peers, even before he knew the meaning of the w... ...ertain situations. The reader really sees that labels have the power to change people and to alter their priorities, if the individual accepts them as truth. Works CitedFaulkner, William. Light in August. 1932. New York Vintage, 1987.James, Henry. The Portrait of a Lady. Ed. Ge offrey Moore and Patricia Crick. New York Penguin, 1986.Works ConsultedVolpe, Edmond L. Exploring Independence . Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Portrait of a Lady A Collection of unfavourable Essays. Ed. diaphysis Buitenhuis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1968.Krook, Dorothea. Two Problems in The Portrait of a Lady. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Portrait of a Lady A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Peter Buitenhuis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1968.Pitavy, Francois. Faulkners Light in August. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1973

Democracy Vs Dictatorship :: essays research papers

Imagine the next time you step into the voting booth your ballot only lists one candidate to have from. Or perhaps your ballot lists four candidates, but they are all from the Liberal party. Dictatorships are one party political corpses that are ruled by one leader or an elite group of mickle under the principle of authoritarianism. Some feel that dictatorships are the most effective form of presidency because decisions are made quickly and extreme nationalism benefits the military and economy. These individuals value order, nationalism, and authority. However, these governances often result in violence, repression of the public, and few provisions for changes to the system. Democracies are multiparty political systems that nap on the principle of rule by the people. Most people that live in democracies have well-bred liberties1, and political rights2. Individuals who feel that multiparty systems are the best presidency value equality, accountability, and freedom. Nations th at have multiparty political systems get out meet the needs of the public better through the means of political equality, a higher standard of living3, and civil liberties. Dictatorships often occur when a nation is economically and politically unstable. An example of this is Napoleons coup d etat in 1799 France. In a system of authoritarian rule decisions are made efficiently because very few people are involved in the decision making process. The leader or elite group at the head of the government decides on new policies and economic measures, then makes sure that the public abides by them by using maneuver of force and indoctrination. Dictatorial systems have helped nations recover from economic turmoil many times in the past. The extreme nationalism that is born from propaganda and government sponsored youth organizations encourages people to work harder for the benefit of their country. Newly motivated work forces easily meet their production goals. If the leader of a dictator ship is capable the country can prink to hold a great amount of international power. Building up the military is an important step to gain power. A strong military will discourage other countries from attacking and also discourage the citizens of the country from rebelling. The force of nationalism, and new laws that can be easily passed regarding education (such that every male of a certain age must serve time in the military) allow military strength of dictatorships to multiply. The Soviet Union experienced a dictatorial system from 1917 to 1985.

Importance of Sleep in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Sleep in Macbeth      It is natural to want to sleep after working hard. If something goes wrong or if the conscience feels guilt, the body go away not let the person rest. The conscience keeps the person awake to think about his sins and keep torturing him until he confesses. In the play Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses images of sleep to usher the guilt of Macbeths and Lady Macbeths conscious. When the idea of the first instruction execution enters their heads, things begin to go wrong. They no longer have the natural healthy, normal sleep. Their sleep is made up of nightmares and other disturbances. Only the admission of guilt or death can save them. Strange things begin happening in Macbeths mind when he decides to go through with the murder of Duncan. He sees the image of the dagger floating in front of him(53). This is his inner thoughts warning him on how unnatural this act is. When he goes to Duncans chamber, he hears warnings from his conscious. Sleep n o more/Macbeth doth murdered sleep- the innocent sleep.(57) This is Macbeths first evil act. At this point he still hears the warnings. As he gets pass on into the darkness, all the other voices disappear. Instead he is haunted by evil dreams, images, and premonitions. Lady Macbeth is also warned of the trouble that is to come from this. When she goes to Duncans chamber, she sees the image of her father, warning her not to murder Duncan. She strips herself of all good to gather the strength to go through with the act. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth springtime up their souls in pursuit of the kingship. It is this obvious disregard for the warnings by the conscience of the loss of innocence that causes them to be haunted by it later in the play. The great loss is the natural sleep. Sleep is the reward of the day. Because Macbeth and Lady Macbeth give up their innocence, they lose the good sleep. Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse the curtained sleep(53). You lack the season of all natures, sleep, says Lady Macbeth to Macbeth(109). Their sleep is no longer natural. It is laboured by them. Their conscience will no longer let them rest. It wants them to suffer for their sins. The doctor observes, A great perturbation in nature, to receive at/ once the benefit of sleep and do the effects of watching(161).

Puritan Values in America Today Essay -- essays research papers

Purely AmericansThe Puritan people migrated to what is now present-day America due to their persecution in Europe. Their religion ascertained many beliefs that did not agree with other European Christians. These humorls stayed with the Puritans as they settled in America to build their idealistic, utopian purchase order. Even though Puritan society was largely unsuccessful in meeting their expectations, several of their fundamental values are still exemplified by Americans today. These beliefs included the dislike of anything dull, an intense hatred of tyranny, and the idea that America is a shining example for the rest of the world to follow.The Puritans left no room in their lives for idleness of any kind, they strongly believed unoccupied work force were tools of the devil. A vast majority Puritans also had virtually zero patience for what they presumed to be ignorant people. Powerful attention grabbing speeches were delivered about avoiding idle people and universe unoc cupied themselves. Subsequently, Modern America also hates to be bored, there is a continuous need to be entertained. ...

The Importance of Music Education Essay -- Music

Music, an extremely broad concept, is playing an increasingly vital role in the new-made society, and most throng today are experiencing euphony subconsciously. For instance, when walking in the street, not only will we see people listening to their music through and through all kinds of portable music players, but also hear people humming their favorite songs. When nightfall comes, young people usually go to concerts, whereas old people tend to choose symphony and opera. All the things mentioned above seem like nothing but entertainment. Does music exist just to please people? Apparently, the answer is no. In fact, music also brings people many significant benefits. Hence, music education is crucial to us, especially in our early development, and it should be a part of every childs education. I think that music education can bring three benefits to us enhance childrens memory, enrich their imagination, and improve academic performance.Human beings begin to learn many basic skill s in order to survive after they are born. This requires people to earn strong, stable, and rapid memory skills. Hence, babies expanding ability to memorize is an indispensable part of their cognitive development. Research shows that the development of memory in children becomes apparent within the first 2 to 3 years of a childs life as they show significant advances in memory, and this enhancement continues into adolescence (Siegler). Therefore, we need to find out a way to help children develop appropriate memory skills. Music education is a terrific choice, and scientists do have evidence to support the hypothesis that music can improve human memory skills. Based on the findings of a study led by Dr. Agnes Chan, a psychologist at Chinese University of ... ...org/pdf/music-training-improves-verbal-but-not-visual-memory-cross-sectional-and-longitudinal-explorations-in-childrenGraziano, A.B., Peterson M., and Shaw G.L. Enhanced development of proportional math through music train ing and spatial-temporal training. Neurological Research 21.Web. 15 Mar. 2012.139-152. Web. Siegler, R. S. (1998). Childrens Thinking. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Electronic book.Sound. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2012 The College Board. Profile of College-Bound Seniors National Report for 2000, 2001, and 2002. Web. Yeung, Ka-ching. The Mozart Effect. n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. Notes/The%20Mozart%20Effect.htm

The Importance of Music Education Essay -- Music

Music, an extremely broad concept, is playing an increasingly vital role in the modern society, and most people today ar experiencing medical specialty subconsciously. For instance, when walking in the street, not only will we see people listening to their medicament through all kinds of portable music players, entirely also hear people humming their favorite songs. When nightfall comes, young people usually go to concerts, whereas middle-aged people tend to choose symphony and opera. All the things mentioned above seem like nothing but entertainment. Does music exist just to please people? Apparently, the answer is no. In fact, music also brings people many significant benefits. Hence, music education is crucial to us, especially in our early development, and it should be a part of every babes education. I think that music education can bring three benefits to us enhance tiddlerrens warehousing, enrich their imagination, and improve academic performance. humans beings begin to learn many basic skills in order to survive after they are born. This requires people to grasp strong, stable, and rapid memory skills. Hence, babies expanding ability to memorize is an indispensable part of their cognitive development. Research shows that the development of memory in children becomes apparent within the first 2 to 3 years of a childs life as they show significant advances in memory, and this enhancement continues into adolescence (Siegler). Therefore, we need to find out a way to help children develop beguile memory skills. Music education is a terrific choice, and scientists do have evidence to support the hypothesis that music can improve human memory skills. Based on the findings of a study led by Dr. Agnes Chan, a psychologist at Chinese University of ... ...org/pdf/music-training-improves-verbal-but-not-visual-memory-cross-sectional-and-longitudinal-explorations-in-childrenGraziano, A.B., Peterson M., and Shaw G.L. Enhanced learning of proportional math through music training and spatial-temporal training. Neurological Research 21.Web. 15 Mar. 2012.139-152. Web. Siegler, R. S. (1998). Childrens Thinking. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Electronic book.Sound. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2012 The College Board. Profile of College-Bound Seniors National incubate for 2000, 2001, and 2002. Web. Yeung, Ka-ching. The Mozart Effect. n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. Notes/The%20Mozart%20Effect.htm

Informative Speech On Nutrition Essay

Public Speaking 230 Informative I. College school-age childs be not eating the straightlaced foods or the recommended daily allowances even though they believe they ar eating healthy.A. Illustration Suzanne- Started nibbling on potato chips between meals and late at night. To keep up with studies, she cut back on swimming. She would prepare her self by eating what she thought was healthy, granola bar or a frozen yogurt. Larger breakfast- orange juice, bacon, sausage, eggs, haschisch browns, toast with butter and jam, and black coffee instead of fruit juice, cereal, and skin milk she had always ate at home. By dinnertime she was starved, she loved heat up chicken and a helping or two from the salad bar alternative to french fries.Eric- Found himself in a similar pattern. Putting a sess of time into keeping up with his course work Spending less time than before on sports and bike riding consume fast-food restaurants, Skipping meals from time to time. Eating peckdy bars for lunch several times a week Before the semester was over, Erics friends started teasing him about the spare tire around his waist, and Suzanne was having bowl over zipping up her clothes that fit her perfectly a couple of months earlier.B. The (your college) survey shows students arent eating a balanced nutrition with little time and trial it is possible for students to know and understand their daily allowances.1. Survey of (your college) Students nutrition 2. History of Nutrition 3.Food Guide Pyramid C. How many of you feel you are in the same situations as Suzanne or Eric? Whatever the circumstances, many (your college) students are eating wrong and will soon be affected by it.II. A hit-or-miss survey of fifty Cumberland College students reveals that the eating habits of students are often not similar to good nutrition.A Although many students fell like they are eating triad meals a day the survey shows many are going without breakfast and picking up an extra meal somewhere el se.B. High percentages show that students are not getting enough servings of fruits and vegetables.C. High percentage of student never takes a multiple Vitamin and never eats healthy snacks.III. A brief fib of Nutrition and students excessive consumption of fat.A. The first dietary standards were formulated in the US in 1940. During WWII, a food and Nutrition Board was established as a part of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (Arlin, M.C. The Science of Nutrition). The objective was to provide standards to serve as a goal for good nutrition. Recommended allowances for nutrients are amounts intended to be consumed as part of a normal diet.B. US Department of Health and Human Services stated in The National youthful Student Health Survey that most students know that excessive consumption of fat, sugar, and salt increases ones risk for specific health problems, and most student cannot choose between common foods on the basis of their fat, sugar salt, or fiber content.IV. The key to good nutrition is a varied diet that includes all(prenominal) kind of nutrient. The Food Guide Pyramid calls for limited daily servings of fats, dairy products, oil and sweets more servings of fruits and vegetables andeven greater potions of bread, cereals and pastas.A. Meat, Poultry, Fish Group- 2 servings B. Fruit and veg Group- 5 to 6 servings C. Bread Group- At least 4 servings D. Dairy Group- 3 servings should be included in a daily diet.V. Despite the unceasing changes in food products, one-factor remains constant- food is the only source of nutrition we have, regardless of how, when and where it is prepared. We cant always dictate how food reaches us, but we can be nutritionally knowledgeable. We can learn to meet our nutritional need in the reality of todays eating patterns.

Management employee relations

In todays working environment, one of the most critical responsibilities that management holds is to ensure that employees performance is twain in effect(p)ly and efficiently carried out to the best of their abilities (Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring, 2005). Nowadays, thither is the view that the practices and policies that management holds within organizations in Australia are used against the employees, for instance the decrease in remuneration and conditions, through means of the Governments Industrial Relation laws.To explore this issue further, this essay will examine whether there is a link between HR strategies and practices and the Australian Industrial Relations legislation (work choices). In doing this, the link between ER regulation and HR policy and practices will be made by counseling on how HR strategies are formed and developed within organizations. Seeing that the HR strategies used, subsequently shape and form the working environment, this allows management to pra ctice the types of example relations that are promoted under work- choices, for example, AWAs and unfair dismissal rules, more closely or on the contrary to be driven away from them.As think by Bray, Deery, Walsh & Waring (2005), way implements unlike managerial strategies depending on the organizations labor commercialise position, the skills and also the expectations of different groups of workers to hold in the working performance of employees. There are ii strategies that were introduced by Friedman (1977b), which were used as a guide to employers and managing bodies of many organizations. The strategies that were implemented by Friedman embroild direct control and responsibility autonomy.Direct control deals with non co-workers and loosely relies on management controlling their employees with tight supervision. Furthermore, employers perkm to simply advocate on allowing for the decrease in employees say and discretion. Issues related to the strategy of direct control i nclude numerical flexibility and minimal training and development programs for employees to participate in.Responsibility autonomy, on the other hand, deals with co-workers. This strategy allows for workers to adapt to different situations as they transfer in ways that are relatively in favor of the organization by way of encouragement and support from managers. This can be seen as creation somewhat opposite to direct control as employees are given authority and responsibility to make decisions by management. Matters concerning the strategy of responsibility autonomy include employment security, high wages and also having great opportunities for training and development.DiscussionIn Australia, political and economic developments internal to the country intermarried with globalization have resulted in deregulation of the previous institution-based system of IR (industrial relations). As a consequence, the labor force has now become more casualised, highly qualified and diverse than at any previous point in history of Australian industrial relations1.Amazing though, is that the strategies used by managing bodies to achieve their objectives differ throughout all organizations and these approaches, in turn, have an impact on organizational structures and the management of employees. Various approaches can be adopted to obtain a competitive usefulness in the market (Boreham and Hall, 1996). Greater effort is devoted to performance and to explore new forms of supple work arrangements and furthermore increase adoption of computerized human resources management systems. In solvent to this, human resource practitioners have placed great emphasis on siding HR ( world Resource) strategy with corporate strategy at the same cartridge clip devoting more effort to performance and exploration of new forms of flexible work arrangements.A study conducted in 2005, (Barbara H. et al. 2005) to determine best employers in Australia indicated that best employing organizations had a typical characteristic of demonstrating high level of employee engagement and a powerful alignment of the workforce with the organizations brand and strategy. In addition, best employers were different with others in which they delivered on promises and contractual terms. Employees in such an organization with a strategy geared towards worker satisfaction showed higher level of satisfaction.Hence a good organization strategy produces a better management and effective service delivery. Through this evolution, a perfect senior leadership/ management is developed. In such cases employees may be willing to enter into workplace agreements without any undue pressure or duress. It is forthrightly imperative then that the most invaluable weapon an industry can have is a strategy which ensures fairness in terms of bargain grounds, arrangements on working conditions and the terms that rule the contract. effect of employers using governments to drive down employee wages and conditions Employers have deeply taken advantage of the John Howards AWA to throw a lethal poison in the industrial relations and end up undermining fundamental rights of the employee through destabilization of the bargaining power, cut-down on the employee wages, cut on work conditions and rid fairness and decency from the workplaces. With the clapperclaw from the public, these policies do deserve nothing other than rejection, (also Verona Burgess, 8 April 2005).2Another amazing issue is that through the adoption of the governments strategies, the companies have gotten rid of collective bargaining or agreements, encouraged statutory individual contracts hence leading to unfair bargaining within the setup of the working environment. This of course discourages hard work and harmony at the workplace (Buchanan & Chris, June 2000). However, recent developments indicate possible abolishment of the Australian Workplace Agreements as they have been seen as an attempt to undermine the collective empl oyee bargaining power, (Harley & McGraw 2003).Donaldson, (2006), observes that workplace relations in Australia have tremendously changed over the past five years and he reiterates that this is due to political changes in administration. He notes that these changes led to sweep away of governments workplace relations reforms. In the same light, changes to iniquitous dismissal laws could not pass but rather were blocked some(prenominal) times. In support of this, the research survey carried out by McGraw and Harley (2003) reveals a foreshortenificant difference in IR-HR practice between overseas-owned workplaces and Australian based ones.In order to strike a balance between IR strategy and other workplace policies, one powerful tool which is of strategic importance is effective management. Conversely, Australia is a highly competitive labor market and frankincense it should take organizations whatever cost to attract and retain highly valued employees. The surprise here is that th ere has been little achievement in aligning the HR strategies with workplace policies.This is because while companies and business organizations will want to develop a strategy for mental synthesis a combination of motivational factors to attract the best out of the market, impediments still hinder recognition of the importance IR strategies. Therefore substantial challenges still last out despite the fact that some achievements have been made. Major impediment is the dilemma which arises from the fact that it is the very organizations which apart from attracting the full potential of the workforce take advantage of existing government legislation to thwart the very goal they should be geared towards achieving- Dietz and Boselie, (2005).Human Resource counseling Practices in AustraliaBecause of the prevailing labor market issues in some parts of the economy in Australia, for example in the tourism industry, (Boon & Dietz 2005), which are prevalently affected by seasonal guest mar ket thus creating quite conscious management strategies and high employee turnover due to casualization of employees to achieve flexibility and short term costs or even as a show of desperation. Some large organizations in Australia have found it a wise move to internationalize their employees by rotating them through their regional properties so that these employees are well exposed to various standards. This happens more so in the tourism and hospitality industry in large hotel chains like Mandarin and Hilton- (also see Nankervis, Alan, 2000)3Point of Conflict between AWA and Industrial Relations PoliciesForemost to the point of discussion as we have seen above, AWAs are viewed by the Australian Union of qualified Agreements as effort to undermine the collective bargaining power of trade unions the concession for better pay and improved working conditions on behalf of their members, (Buchanan & Briggs, 6 June 2000)4. This is a critical point of divergence between the views of the two sides though some companies promise some extra consideration in terms of pay for employees who sign the AWA. While the companies do that, most unions caution their members against signing them. They main(prenominal)tain that though the employee might sign the Agreement, such ordinary worker has no (or little if any) bargaining power by herself or himself to effectively stage a bargain for the contract, hence there is intrinsically unequal grounds for the contract between the employer and employee. real important as well is that it is universally believed that AWAs try to entrench inequality between employees and their employers as far as working conditions and pay are concerned. This is criticized because the main aim of the commercial law and even greens law is to provide for equality of bargaining power and fairness. Therefore, it is thought, the AWAs are as good as abolished. At this point therefore AWAs tend to conflict with the commercial law and even common law of contra cts. This is because its mode of operation neither goes in line with the expectations of the common law nor those of the commercial law.Sympathizers of AWAs contend that these agreements give flexibility to the employees and their employers when it reaches time to set wages, terms and conditions of work hence enabling them to agree on agreements which can tally their individual preferences and workplaces.ConclusionAs much as AWAs may provide the flexibility to the employer and the employee when setting the agreements on contracts or terms and conditions, there is still repugnance with the common law and also with employer HRM strategy and practice which provide basis for fair and level bargaining grounds.This inconsistency clearly reveals their inability to give both employee and the employer level bargaining grounds to enjoy the benefits that a fairly executed work contract should have. This flaw therefore renders them of little or no athletic supporter to the harmonious develop ment of any meaningful relation between employees and the management. Since the impacts of AWAs are quite retrospective, (for example trading off of penalty rates without proper pay and overtime loadings) they should be abolished- (Boon & Dietz 2005)ReferencesPatrickson, M. & Hartmann L. 2001, Management of Human resources in Australia International Journal of Manpower Vol. (22) 3 p 99 205.Dietz, B. P. & G., Boon, C. 2005. Contradictions and Commonalities in HRM. Human Resource Management Journal 15(3) 66-04.Cieri, De H. Barbara H. et al. 2005. Pettit Human Resource and Personnel Management in Australian Organizations, Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 16, (1) pp 90 106Harley & McGraw, 2003. Human Resource Management Practices and industrial Relations in Australia Industrial Relations Journal. (46) 1-21.Agarwala, T. 2004. An Empirical Investigation into organizational commitment and Innovative human resource practices, International Journal of Human Resource Managemen t 16(4) 176-198.Arthur, B. J. 1994. Effects of human resources systems on manufacturing performance and turnover Academy of Management Journal 37(3) 671-689.Harley, B., Boreham, P. and, Hall, R. 1996. Work Organization and Industrial Relations decentalisation in Australia, Work, Employment and Society, 10, 3, pp. 449-68.Chen, S.-j., et al. 2003. Human resource strategy and firm performance, Human Resource Management International Journal 14(9) 1309-1323.Buchanan, J. & Chris B. June 2000 A detailed Assessment and Commerce, economics and Industrial Relations Australian Labour Market Deregulation Research Paper, Group 6 1 McGraw and Harley (2003) Human Resource Management Practices and industrial Relations in Australian Journal of Industrial Relations. (45) 1-22. 2 Burgess, Verona April 2005. Union gets ready for hostile Senate, Australian Financial Review, CPSU bulletin 3 Nankervis, A. R. (2000). Human Resource Management Strategies as Competitive good A Case Example Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 8(1), 111-133. 4 Chris Briggs, Buchanan J. 6 June 2000 Australian Labour Market Deregulation A Critical Assessment Economics

Love in Shakespeare plays “Twelfth night †Romeo & Juliet” Essay

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England in1564 He has enduring fame because he dared to be different, though he is know mainly through his plays. One of the most famous plays he wrote is Romeo and Juliet, a well- cognize distinguish story. Also, he wrote Hamlet and Macbeth, two other well known plays. He is famous because of his creativty and giftedness with create verbally plays as well as his acting abilities . Althought his play twelfth night is a romantic comedy dapple Romeo & Juliet is romatic catastrophe , they both show that tell apart can cause pain Many of the characters claim to suffer painfully from beying in love .. In the twelfth night we have more than one love story , Olivia describes love as a plague from which she suffers terribly Viola also seems unhappy My state is heroical for my masters love Viola falls in love with Orsino but can not tell him , because he thinks she is a man , while Olivia , the object of Orsinos affection , love Viola Cesario , Olivia wants to let Cesario know that she loves him by sending him a ring by way of Malvolio , it was her way of expressing her love .Love in this play is coming out of apure hearted people , who , loves for love . the characters in this play have a very deep sense of love , that they love each other spirtualy away from any phisical impact on their displeasure . In Romeo & Juliet passion and love spring up at the for the first time sight between Romeo & Juliet , we can see the powerful nature of love in the way they described it from the first time they met A like fascinate by the charm of looks ( II.prologue ) Juliet , perhaps , most perfectly describes her love for Romeo by refusing to describe it But my true love is grown to such excess / i can not sum up some of half my wealth ( III.i.33-34 ) the events in this love story are always connected to passion , whether that passion is love or hate .The blind passion of love leads the lover to struggle a gainst public and social institutions that either explicitly or implicitly negate the existence of their love , the famelies of the lovers are enemies , which make their dream hard to come true Althought Romeo & Juliet is the most famous love story in english literary tradition , which end with a very tragedy ending when the couple sicide , theire suicides can be understood as the ultimate night , the ultimate privcy where thy codt have to fac a new day and a new social struggle .From my own prespective i think love in the duodecimal night is strongr and deeper while in Romeo & Juliet we have eye love which is bacedon the physical appearance , what makes the story look so passionate is th impossibility of their marriage , As every body knows , human nature desired to struggle and face difficalties , such love will end as soon as they satisfy their desires , but love in the Twelfth night wont end easily because it was not easily given the emotions which can be easily given , th ey will disappear easily . These two plays are great to study and analyse , although they have different dramatic style of writing , but still have the same spirit that presents human emotions and feelings in agreat smooth way to understand .

George Orwell’s “The Lion and the Unicorn” Essay

George Orwell, the author of The Lion and the Unicorn Socialism and the English Genius, wrote this essay during the British leadership crisis in the beginnings of World War II. Wanting to merge the English, he reminds them of their past and how it makes them stand out as a nation. While writing to the elite intellectuals, he similarly worked to unify the middle and working classes. He writes to the English people to relate to them through maintaining their tradition, culture, and faith in the government by using culture and usage that some(prenominal) are familiar to and lead unite the solid ground. In this way, he reminds the people that although they may be different they all live in the same country. Though Orwell strongly was against some of the things his country did, he believed he always had a duty to her. Many people thought he was anti-war and military, but, in fact, he said he would always shinny for his country no matter what the battle. He even tried reenlisting on September 9th, 1939 (Rossi, p128).To fully understand the content, knowledge of Orwells personal history, Britains history, customs and culture are necessities. At this time, Britain was about to go into war. Ger many a(prenominal) and Italy had led their countries by dictators and totalitarianism. Orwell hated totalitarianism because it supported the intellectuals and upper class. He also did non conform to much of a difference between fascism and capitalism. He believed that both gave too much power to too few and that would corrupt the English. Orwells goal was not only to educate and bring together Britains people, but almost threaten the intellectuals. He tries to show England that they are unique in comparison to otherwise countries because they do not need communism, capitalism, or fascism.About England he says, the beer is bitterer, the coins are heavier, the grass is greener mild knobby faces, their bad teeth, and gentle manners, are different from a European crowd (Orw ell p57). In this quotation, Orwell explains to his fellow countrymen what makes them English and why they should be proud. He wanted to join them nationally into socialism because the people are in the fields and the streets, in the factories and the armed forces, in the four ale bar and suburban back garden (Orwell p 59). He told the Partisan Review in January 1941 that the pile of the middle class are just as anti-Hitler as the working class, and their morale is probably more reliable (Rossi p128). He wanted to make the straitsthat the middle class was essential in the changing England.Historians use The Lion and the Unicorn as a great source to show what a cross thoroughfare England was at before the war. It is also a source as to the beginnings of socialism in mid-twentieth century Britain. England had so many different directions to go and not many intellectuals agreed on just one. Orwell was often compared to two other socialists, William Morris and H.G. Wells. Orwell ofte n had conflicts with H.G. Wells who wrote such novels as War of the Worlds and The Invisible Man. Wells was also considered a socialist claiming democracy to be inefficient. Wells believes that putting power in the hands of the ignorant lower class would be a disaster.He also thought nationalism was unrealistic because no country could be independently powerful. Their biggest difference was Orwell believed that man would evolve better by law whereas Wells believed he would improve by science and technology (Partington p50). Orwell and William Morris show more similarities to each other. Morris, a poet and artist, is one of the fathers of socialism in England and lived in the nineteenth century. He is outflank known for his works The Wood Beyond the World and The Well at the Worlds End. Many historians believe his ideas are parallel to Orwells because they both write romantically about their country and the liberty and justice of it (Vaninskaya p19).Orwells main purpose in writing T he Lion and the Unicorn is to convince the people the importance of a social revolution. Orwells work is used in reference to the history of socialism, patriotism, and nationalism. Today parts of socialism, capitalism, communism, and fascism are all still thriving. Even though socialism doesnt run Britain, it did bring about a lot of changes. Because of it Britain has public healthcare, housing for the poor and affordable universities for the working class. Many people smelling that Orwells arguments were empty and accomplished nothing, but they cannot deny the results of socialist democratic influence. He believed the only way to accomplish this was an England united by a mysterious sense of patriotism.BibliographyOrwell, George. The Lion and the Unicorn Socialism and the English Genius London 1941Partington, S. John. The Pen as Sword GeorgeOrwell, H.G. Wells and Journalistic Parricide Journal of Contemporary January 01, 2004, Vol. 39 return 1 p45-56, 12pRossi, John P. George O rwells Concept of Patriotism. Spring 2001, Vol. 43 Issue 2, p128, 5pVaninskaya, Anna. The bugle of justice the romantic socialism of William Morris and George Orwell. Contemporary Justice Review, March 2005, Vol. 8 Number 1 p7-23, 17p

Sociology of Deviance and Crime Essay

Question Write a fond sciences essay based on a documentary or film. research how deviance and/or crime are presented in this text and relate your findings to the various sociological perspectives and theories studied in class. Choice of text Easy A (2010 movie)Deviance is an unavoidable part of human nature, and as such, is a fascinating and essential social phenomenon to study. The film Easy A explores how a high train student gamblings to deviance in order to benefit in popularity and financially. A number of sociological theories are recognisable in this film. It demonstrates clearly the motivations behind how prime deviance leads to utility(prenominal) deviance. The text raises the theories of social elision and marginalisation, with specific relevance to adolescent years.The teenage years are a big transition for people, as they mature from children into adults. This period is often a time of self-discovery or experimentation, as illustrated by the movie Easy A (2010). W e are introduced to the protagonist, Olive, an unknown and unpopular schoolgirl. She starts to bugger off noticed when she lies about losing her virginity, and the fibs begin to escalate. Through a number of lies and rumours, Olive gains a reputation for her false promiscuity, and this has a number of repercussions on herself and her peers. Olives deviant acts clearly demonstrate a number of sociological theories and perspectives.Olive initially lies about losing her virginity to her conversancy, but instead of revealing the truth and admitting her fabrication, she proceeds with it notwithstanding and continues lying. This is a typical act of primary deviance turning into secondary deviance. The primary deviance is Olives initial lie, which could be exused, but it turns into secondary deviance when she accepts her label as a whore and continues lying and accepting the rumours regarding her. This phenomenon was explored by Rosenblum (1974). Rosenblum studied the relationship betwe en primary and secondary deviance among egg-producing(prenominal) prostitutes. She argued that one of womens biggest assets is their sexuality and this is what most often leads them to deviance.The transitionfrom primary deviance to secondary deviance when regarding prostitution only happens when the individual accepts their label and volitionally repeats the deviant acts. The secondary deviant is a person whose life and personal identity are organised around the facts of deviance. (Rosenblum, 1974) This is applicable to Olive in Easy A she begins to take pride in her reputation as a whore, and even makes money from lying about having sexual relations with fellow classmates. Her identity revolves around her acts of deviance, making it clear that she is pleasant in secondary deviance. However, financial gains was not Olives only motivation for committing deviant acts.Social projection can effect an individual at any time in life, but is especially prominent in adolescent years i n the schoolyard. At a time when everyone is too young to imbibe found their true identity, each person is seeking individuality and validation from others. Teenagers often form into groups, and if soulfulness doesnt fit in to a group or try conforming, they can be subjected to social exclusion. Social exclusion is a valid fear of many adolescents, as Sndergaard (2012) explained in her study. Through interviewing and observing school children, Sndergaard found that many children have social exclusion anxiety. Social exclusion anxiety builds on the social psychological concept of human beings as existentially dependent on social embeddedness.This point is highlighted in order to focus on the anxiety that arises when social embeddedness is jeopardised and the hope and longing to be part of a community is threatened. (Sndergaard, 2012) Social exclusion anxiety should be considered as a effectiveness motivation for deviance. In the case of Olive in Easy A, she isnt a popular or notic ed girl at school. However, once she starts engaging in deviant acts, she becomes noticed and even accepted. Although this isnt her true personality, Olive feels validated she has an identity. Therefore, social exclusion is a motivating factor for Olive to turn to deviance. However, she isnt the only character to do so.Olive first lies about losing her virginity to her best friend, but the first real deviant act comes when she and her gay friend Brandon deceive the whole school. Olive quickly gains popularity when most of the student body witnesses, from the other side of the door, her having sex at a party with a boy from school. Little does everyone know that it is all a ruse to get them to think that Brandon, her fake sex partner, is not gay in hopes that this very public queer of sexual activity will prevent daily beatings at school and it works (Perry et al., 2011) Being an openly gay student in high school, Brandon is subjected to torment, favoritism and marginalisation.Con sistent deviance often leads to marginalisation, and gender deviance is a prime example. Brandon was beat up at school and rejected by friends. Gay individuals have long been marginalised by not receiving equal rights by law, and are habitually marginalised by the general public due to homosexuality being considered gender deviance. Taywaditeps (2001) study suggested that due to the marginalisation gay boys received throughout their childhood and adolescence, many began to appear more gender-conforming towards adulthood to avoid marginalisation. Gender conformity is associated with social acceptance and adjustment in men more than in women, and gender deviance is much more disapproved and penalized for men than for women. (Taywaditep, 2001)Brandon seeks social acceptance and approval, so he turns to deviance to appear gender-conforming. Through his character, Easy A displays two theories about deviance marginalisation due to gender deviance, and deviance as a impression of social e xclusion.Easy A is a textbook example of the motivations behind deviance. Through the medium of film, it effectively demonstrates how adolescents become compelled to commit deviant acts. Furthermore, the film is plump for up by sociological theories. Primary and secondary deviance is demonstrated when Olive begins to embrace her status and deviant nature. Social exclusion is shown to be a motivational factor in Olives and Brandons choices. Brandons gender deviance by being gay has forced him into marginalisation. He seeks to accomplish gender conformity, and as such engages alongside Olive in her deviance. Therefore, Easy A is not simply an entertaining film produced for the masses. It should be considered as an informed, accurate, visual research study into adolescent deviance.Bibliography (APA)Devine, Z. (Director). (2010). Easy A Motion Picture. United States ofAmerica Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.Perry, C., Lauro, J.D., Cain, A., & Eigner, J. (2011). Easy A. journal of Fe minist Family Therapy, 23(1), 59-64. doi 10.1080/08952833.2011.548708Rosenblum, K.E. (1975). egg-producing(prenominal) Deviance and the Female Sex Role A Preliminary Investigation. The British Journal of Sociology, 26(2), 169-185. doi 10.2307/589587. Sndergaard, D.M. (2012). Bullying and social exclusion anxiety in schools. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 33(3), 355-372. doi 10.1080/01425692.2012.662824. Taywaditep, K.J. (2001). Marginalization Among the Marginalized. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 1-28. doi 10.1300/J082v42n01_01.

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 Essay

Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724 in Konigsberg, East Prussia. He was the son of a saddler. At age 8, he entered the Collegium Fredericianum, a Latin school, where he remained for 8 1/2 years and studied the classics. He then entered the University of Konigsberg in 1740 to study philosophy, mathematics, and physics. The death of his father halted his university c beer so he became a private tutor. In 1755, he returned to Konigsburg where he later resumed his studies. In 1756, he received a degree and was made a lecturer, and in 1770 he became a professor.Kant felt he had to adhere to a very strict schedule during his years as a professor. He would get up shortly before five in the morning and spent an min drinking tea, smoking a pipe, and thinking over his days work. From six to seven he prepargond his lecture, which would begin at seven or eight and lasted until nine or ten. After his lecture he would devote himself to writing until the midday meal. He always had company fo r his midday meal and it would always last several hours because he enjoyed conversation.After the meal he would take a walk for an hour or so and his evenings were devoted to reading and reflection. He would go to bed at ten oclock. Besides his writings, he became famed for his schedule. Kants roughly striking char displaceer trait was probably his example earnestness and his devotion to the idea of duty. He was a sociable man and was also kindly and benevolent. He was never rich but he was c arful in m maveny matters. He fixityly assisted a number of poor people. He was a sincere and loyal friend and his conduct was marked by courtesy and respect for others.For 15 years after completing his doctorate he taught at the university where he lectured on science and math, but eventu completelyy he expanded his field to cover almost all branches of philosophy. Kant was an amazing orator and was internationally famous for his lectures. His main goal in philosophical courses was to sti mulate his listeners to stand on their own feet as he put it. He was appointed to a regular chair of philosophy at the University at the age of 46 in 1770. He was made the professor of logics and metaphysics.He came into conflict with Prussias government collectible to his unorthodox religious t to each oneings. In 1792, the King of Prussia, Frederick William II, forbade Kant to teach or write on religious teachings. He obeyed the kings order until William II died. In 1798, the year following his retirement from the University, Kant published a summary of his religious views. He died on February 12, 1804. During his life period, Kant produced many writings. Scholars usually divide his literary c beer into ii hitchs the Pre-critical period and the Critical period.During the Pre-critical period, 1747 to 1781, he wrote many non-fictional works and criticisms. Some of them were Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces, On Fire, A New commentary of the First Principles of Me taphysical Knowledge, and On the Forms and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World. From 1770 to 1780, he mainly worked on preparing The review article of Pure Reason. The Critical period lasted from 1781 to 1794. During this period, he wrote The Critique of Pure Reason in 1781, and Foundation for the Metaphysics of Ethics in 1785.Following the critical works, Kant published Critique of Practical Reason, Critique of Judgment, and Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason. Three main discussions of Kant ar Duty, the Formula of the End, and the Kingdom of Ethics. Kant feels that we act morally when we do our duty, however it is classical to distinguish between playacting according to duty and acting from duty. Acting according to duty is when someone else has imposed the duty. This is an example of heteronymous will. An example of this is Adolf Eichmann, a German nazi general of WWII, who plantulated the final solution.He said that according to Kant, he acted morally, s ince he was following orders, as it was his duty to do so. This is wrongly because Kant says that we ar only acting morally if we act from duty, as dictated by our innate cogitate. This is an example of autonomous will. Along with duty is the difference between the Categorical Imperative and the Hypothetical Imperative. Imperatives in general are commands that dictate a particular course of action, such as you shall clean your room. Hypothetical Imperatives are commands that depend on my preference for a particular end, and are stated in conditional form.The Categorical Imperative, Kant argues, are moral actions based on a supreme principle of morality which is objective, keen, freely chosen, and it is not conditional upon ones preferences. Therefore the Categorical Imperative can be the only doable standard of moral obligation. An example of this is two grocers in a town are John and Joe. John wants to keep his trade, so he insists on marketing the best goods, giving the bes t service, being friendly and polite, and offering jimmy for money. Joe does the same, not to keep his trade, but because it is what he should do.According to Kant, even though the actions are the same, John is acting immorally, according to the Hypothetical Imperative, while Joe is acting morally, according to the Categorical Imperative. For Kant, the act is not important. As long as you are acting from duty and the motive is right, the act mustiness be right. However, the Principles of Universalisability puts a twist on this. It states that if an action is applied to everyone, and everybody did what you were about to do, it became immoral or hypocritical, and then your act would be immoral. The Formula of the End deals with ends and means.Kant states that you must not carry on people as means to your own end, but as ends in themselves. It would be akin to Christianitys Golden Rule except for the Universalisability Principle. The example of this is suicide. The Golden Rule does not apply in this case, because when a person commits suicide, he does not treat others in ways he would want to be treated. He does not treat them at all, because he only treats himself. The Kingdom of Ethics states that humanity beings, because they are rational (use reason), possess inherent value. This means that they are ends in themselves.Their value is intrinsic, not instrumental. Kant feels that no rule of conduct, which applies to all human beings, can sanction actions favoring one person over another or guard to conduct where one person treats another as a means to an end. To do so is to raze oneself and the entire human race. Kants ethics are founded in and based on respect for persons. In following a certain course of moral action, regardless of inclination, a person is enacting a Kingdom of Ethics. Along with ethics is the idea of good will. Kant believes that it is wrong to intentionally break a promise that you catch made with a person.He feels that good will is a pure duty outlook that disregards consequences enti entrust. He says that a good will is a wanting, which is communicate by reason. It is a wanting which stems, not from inclination, but from duty. Kant says blank space and time are not concepts but that they are forms of intuition. He spends a lot of time showing the fallacies that arise from applying space and time to things that are not experient. Kant agrees with David Hume in believing passion brings man morality. He feels that reason is only the comparing of ideas, and that reason will influence us away from our influences.The cultivation of reason is required for the purpose, and the purpose leads to happiness, therefore reason is compatible with happiness. Kant believed that reason connected us equivalent a shot to things-in-themselves. He feels that we possess two bloodlines of input that can serve as such datum. These are physical horse sense and the sense of moral duty. Physical sensation starts an application of reason to experience, creating the perception of phenomenal objects. The supreme rational example of this is science. The sense of moral duty begins an application of reason that produces ethics and religion.The supreme rational example of this is the Postulates of Practical Reason the Ideas of God, freedom, and immortality, which to Kant are required as conditions of the Moral Law. Kant tries to demolish all the purely intellectual proofs of the existence of God. He makes it clear that he has other reasons for believing in God that he talks about later. God, freedom, and immortality are the three ideas of reason according to Kant. The differences between heartyity as seen in science, and reality as seen in morality and religion show that there are points to existence that are not revealed by either one alone.The two aspects are unequal. Magnitude and religion involve a much more limited rational content, returning to many of the same questions over and over again. These ac acqu aintance the ultimate questions about the meaning of life and existence, as well as the questions on how to live. Kant was led to characterize his system as transcendental idealism, so that we state of ware a questioned representation of things, since our moral datum does not lead to direct bashledge of things that we are able to conceive, like God. This is because we do not have the real intuition that we have of physical objects.The reality shown by morality is a matter of faith for Kant. This is an inference from the Moral Law. This way, transcendental idealism is different form showcaseive idealism and objective idealism, since they both show certainties about the ultimate nature of things. The nature of things that we cannot know about concretely is revealed in science. Kants theory of empirical realism stresses that phenomena are undoubtedly mental contents. He feels that it is natural and easy to infer from this a transcendental realism where real objects, which are not m ental objects, are things we do not experience.At the age of 69, Kant wrote an essay on religion that is considered the boldest of all his writings. He said that churches have value only in that they assist the moral development of the race. He went on to say that when mere ceremonies usurp priority over moral excellence as a test of religion, religion has disappeared. He believed that the real church is a community of people, however scattered and divided up, who are united by devotion to the common moral law. He thought the creed and ritual had replaced the good life and that instead of men being bound together by religion, they are divided into a thousand sects.He went on to say that a perversion is reached when the church becomes an instrument of the government and the clergy, whose function is to console and guide a provoke humanity with religious faith and hope and charity, are made the tools of political oppression. He said that miracles cannot prove a religion because we can never rely on the testimony which supports them, and that prayer is useless as it aims at a suspension of the natural laws that hold for all experience. A priori judgments are made outdoor(a) of experience. The sky is blue is an a posteriori judgment (made on the basis of sensory experience).I exist is an a priori truth, which remains unchanged even if all of our senses are deceived. Analytic statements are true based only on the meanings of words. The only thing needed to determine truth is a dictionary. Synthetic statements cannot be judged like analytic statements. My dog has black spots is a celluloid statement. The truth cannot be determined since my dog is not known. The truth is not dependent on word meanings, but on if it corresponds with the world. Causality is applied to perception and concepts which are applicable to perception, Kant calls Categories. There are a total of twelve Categories.Kant says that the categories are patterns of misgiving by which we examine structure and understand the things that we experience. Synthetic a priori judgments consist in applying the Categories to sensory information in space and time, or the perceptual manifold. covering of the Categories allows people to realize physical objects as capable of casual relations and interactions with other objects. Categories cannot be applied to knowledge or things that exist apart from space and time like things-in-themselves. Kant derives the Ideas from the possible forms of logical inference.When we assume that this potentially infinite series is given in its whole, an Idea is formed. Kant recognized three Ideas. The first is of the irresponsible unity of the thinking subject. The second is of the absolute unity of the order of the conditions of appearance. The third is of the absolute unity of the conditions of thought in general. The first Idea provides a subject matter of speculative psychology. The second is one of speculative cosmology, while the third is one o f speculative theology. These are all metaphysical knowledge of matters of fact from synthetic a priori principles.Kants Ideas are really all about metaphysical paradoxes (Antimony of space and time) in its entirety, an unconditioned whole. Kant believes that all these matters are open to clarification and development. He also believes that the mind produces the world it knows. To understand The Critique, Kants logical system must be understood. He divides all judgments into analytic or synthetic judgments and a priori or a posteriori judgments. Judgments about empirical matters are synthetic, which can be denied without any contradiction. A priori judgments are free from experience. All analytic judgments are a priori.Therefore judgments are split up into three classes analytic a priori, synthetic a posteriori, and synthetic a priori. One of his points made in The Critique is to show how synthetic a priori judgments occur in pure mathematics and natural science. Critique is not rea lly a criticism, but a critical analysis where Kant is not attacking pure reason except to show its limitations. Rather he hopes to show its possibility and to exalt it above the bastardized knowledge which comes to us through the distorting channels of sense. He is trying to show that knowledge is not all derived from the senses.Kant distinguished between perceiving and thinking, which are from two unadorned faculties of the mind, sense and understanding. There are three types of concepts. A posteriori concepts are taken from sense perception and are applicable to it, while Ideas are free of all sense perception. From Kant we know that every event must have a cause. This is possible only on the condition that objects must be subjected to the concepts of human understanding. He said that not all knowledge is gained through experience. It is possible to gain knowledge from sense-experience.That is that you can learn by seeing things that are not experienced but rather come from log ic. The Critique of Pure Reason, published in 1781, is a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. In order to understand Kants position and orthodox teachings, we must first understand the philosophical background that he was reacting to. There were two major historical movements in the early raw period of philosophy that had a significant impact on Kant Empiricism and Rationalism. Kant argued that both the content and method of these philosophies contained serious flaws.A central problem for philosophers in both movements was determining how we can escape from within the confines of the human mind and the immediately knowable content of our thoughts to acquire knowledge of the world outside of us. The Empiricists sought to accomplish this through the senses and a posteriori reasoning. Empiricists such as John Locke argued that human knowledge originates in our sensations or experiences. Locke argued that the mind was a blank slate, or a Tabula Rasa, upon which our experiences writ es and that experience teaches us everything.The Rationalists attempted to use a prori reasoning to build the necessary bridge. The Rationalists, principally Descartes, approached the problems of human knowledge from another angle. The Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of knowledge and that sense-data from our experiences only trigger the knowledge already in the mind. Kants answer to the two positions changed the face of philosophy. Both of these in themselves, he believed, gave a aslant view of knowledge. Kant believed that there was more to knowledge then just experience. He believed that the mind gave us knowledge through the categories.That experience is going to trigger the knowledge or categories that are innate to all of us. So he would say that there is nothing that we could not know or learn because we already have the categories in the mind. Kant believed that nations would not really be civilized until all standing armies are abolished. He stated that s tanding armies cause states to try to outdo each other with the number of armed men each has. Because of the expense of the armies, peace becomes in the long run more oppressive than a short war and standing armies are the cause of aggressive wars undertaken in order to get rid of this burden.Kant felt that much militarism was due to the expansion of Europe into America and Africa and Asia. He believed that if democracy was established and that everyone shared in political power, the spoils of international robbery would have to be subdivided as to constitute a resistible temptation. Kant said when those who must do the fighting have the right to decide between war and peace, history will no longer be written in blood. galore(postnominal) philosophers were influenced by prior philosophers. Berkeley was, for Kant, the characteristic idealist and an empiricist.Descartes, on the other hand, was a realist believing that objects exist separately from us. He also thought that we could on ly know their essences through clear and distinct innate ideas. This made him a transcendental realist. Kants thoughts were mainly influenced by the rationalism of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Christian Wolff, and the empiricism of David Hume. The reason I chose Immanuel Kant to research is because not only of his philosophical views but also because of his interests in scientific issues. He was interested in virtually every aspect of human experience.While researching him I became impressed with his views on war, especially that if we allowed the people who have to do the fighting to make the decision about war, we would have peace. I agree that sometimes the government makes the decisions that doesnt represent what the people want. I was also impressed with his views on religion, how the churches become instruments in the hands of the government and the clergy become tools of politics. Since Kants thought is truly the basis of modern philosophy, it is still a main point of depar ture for the 21st century.

The Telephone

The Telephone Before the telephone came to Magdaluna, Im Kaleems house was bustling at just just about whatsoever time of day, especi all(prenominal)y at night, when its windows were brightly lit with three large oil lamps, and the loud voices of the men talking, laughing, and arguing could be heard in the passage belowa reassuring, homey sound Anwar F. Accawi (p. 46). Its hard to imagine that a single device such as the telephone, albeit a breakthrough in technology, could change not only a persons day to day life, but an entire village.These men in the village experienced all of the luxuries the village had to offer at no cost, Im Kaleem provided the men with a place to gather for conversation, games, drinks and sexual services. The children used to hang around Ima Kaleems courtyard compete games waiting for a call down from few of the men requesting errands in exchange for money.But that all changed once the telephone was installed, most of the men would now get at Abu Rajas store, they were always looking up from their games and drinks and talk to glance at the phone in the corner, as if expecting it to ring any minute and bring brisks that would change their lives and deliver them from their aimless existence. (p. 46) Exposure to the telephone not only affected the men in the village, but it in any case affected the women, children and their entire way of life.I get very excited to hear about, read about or experience new technology, and I grew up surrounded by a constant emergence of technology, from pagers and cell phones to the home pc. I remember when we bought our first computer, they were just becoming a common household device, my soda water came home from the store and asked me to hold the door open while he trucked in these huge boxes, I had never seen my dad so excited about struggling and sweating while moving things in the house.I had no idea what was in those boxes, but I became curious and excited as my dad heart-to-heart the boxe s and removed all the packaging, taking everything out piece by piece. Watching my dad fumble around with the instructions and all the wires in anticipation of something outstanding happening made me super excited and I had no idea what this even was. You can do almost anything you can imagine with this thing he said to me in a very animated voice. To me it just looked exchangeable a television sitting on a desk, I started to become blase of watching this spaghetti of wires get connected one at a time at a very agonizing pace.My dad was determined and after what seemed like hours of running back and forth between the wires and the instructions, he looked over at me with a huge smile on his face as he cater the computer on. Im finished he exclaimed, now lets see with this thing can do he said. He wasnt kidding, this was amazing, you could send electronic mail that could be opened by the other person instantly, you could listen to music, instant message, play games with someone fr om another country, it seemed that there was zipper this device could not do. It was limitless with prospect and could take you anywhere your imagination would allow.So I am not surprised that when this tiny village, that did not have the impartial things in life such as a calendars, clocks or even running water, were so influenced by the arrival of the telephone. This gave the people new hopes and dreams, it gave them an opportunity to experience new things and find out what the outside world was doing and could offer. Within a year, only the sick, the old, and the maimed were left in the village. Magdaluna became a skeleton of its reason self, desolate and forsaken, like the tombs, a place to get away from. Anwar F. Accawi(p. 7) The calls eventually came in as expected and people started leaving the village for new opportunities, some went into the army while others went to explore new jobs. All of them left looking for a better life than the one they had in the village. With new technology comes new opportunity, Im not saying that newer is always better, but it can open you up to things you never thought possible. It can provide you with choices that you never had before. I believe in the end Accawi was happy with the way his life turned out but reminisced of how he loved his life as a youngish boy in the village.

First Union: An Office Without Walls Essay

IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the Integrative Case 5.0, archetypical Union An Office Without Walls, found on page 589 of the text book Organization Theory & Design, by Richard L. Daft, and to respond to the questions relating to the case study.Problem Statement showtime Union Federal is a biggish nest egg and loan banking governing at which trillion Rabb has been employed with since she was 18. one thousand thousand has been recently promoted to Vice President of her year after serving the last five years as assistant V.P. At the time Meg was hired as an assistant V.P. there had non been a single female in the military posture of V.P. After a week in her new bewilder, Meg was notified by her boss Dan Cummings that she would be moving into a new say-so. After three weeks of construction, Megs office was complete however, besides a day after acttling in, Meg was summoned to her boss office yet again. She was informed that the st blinding line Union pr esident had performed a walkthrough of the building and ruled that Megs office was too large and would have to be torn drink and rebuild from the current 12 feet by 12 feet specifications down to the new 10 feet by 10 feet specifications outlined in the new regulations.Meg was angry and questioned herself how this would fix and damage her plane sections morale, and how she could possibly lose the respect from her peers she worked so hard to earn. Meg as well wondered if this had to do with her be a woman in a position of part especially when her furtherance came after an intervention from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). The EEOC discovered that rootage Union did not have whatsoever female executives at or above the level of V.P. prior to Megs promotion and encouraged rootage Union to seek out qualified female candidates for promotion to executive status.This paper forget identify the main issue at First Union, discuss the forces for cultural change, rationalize the utilize of might, and finally determine what policy-making tactics Meg should use to resolver her office situation at First Union.QuestionsWhat is the main issue in this case?The main issue in this case is First Unions somatic culture, the accompanying ethical values and how these are motivated by organic law managers. According to Daft (2013), governmental culture exists at two levels on the surface are the evident characteristics and observable behaviors and below the surface are the underlying values, assumptions, and beliefs that make up the second level (p. 393).At First Union, the issue with corporate culture touches on both levels of organizational culture. The observable behaviors include office layouts, the type of control systems and power structures used by the company and the ceremonies organizations share (Daft, 2013, p. 393). The office layout in Megs department was split up into sections and partitioned off for each of her 12 staff. Depending o n their level in the organizational hierarchy, employees had variable office article of furniture for their individual section. The lowest-level employees standard minimal second-rate quality furniture and often had to share the space with other employees. Robertson argues with the right approach, a company can become forward-thinking by creating a workspace with flow and function that motivates and inspires people and their business (2006, p. 35). Today, forward-thinking companies are turning to egalitarianism to get the line of reasoning done.Rather than acting like the office space is symbol of status, all office spaces should be equal, acerb down on costs of space, equipment and furniture (Robertson, 2006, p. 34). Secondly, Megs boss, Dan Cummings, is senior V.P. of human resources. With his position, he create the low gear annual Dan Cummings Golf Invitational now in its fourth year setup. Invitations to this reputable all the samet indicated status in the organization tho those V.P.s and assistant V.P.s close to senior management received invitations yet no female employee had ever been invited to the golf tournament. Disregard to ethics threats substantial harm to report card and to other significant intangible corporate assets including employee morale and productivity. The outcomes of unethical behavior can affect an organizations ability to survive (Doorley & Garcia, 2007, p. 30). In addition to these contributing factors, Meg was the first person to pass victim to strict adherence to the miscalculation ofher office size.Not only that, but shortly forward her promotion, the EEOC put pressure on First Union to hire female executives since none had been put in place. Meg was the first of her kind. The EEOC was trying to encourage form management. Diversity management is defined by the semipolitical science Accountability Office (GAO) as a practice intended to produce and maintain a substantiating work environment that recognizes the val ue of individuals similarities and differences, so that everyone can reach their potential and make the most of their contributions to an organizations strategic goals and objectives (GAO, 2013, p. 5). What are the forces for cultural change at First Union?Cultural changes get out need to start from the crown down. According to Daft (2013), culture changes refer to changes in the values, attitudes, expectations, beliefs, abilities, and behavior of employees much(prenominal) as the mindset of the organization (p. 435). Miller and Tucker (2013) suggest the senior leadership must set the tone at the top for integrity and ethics including diversity (p. 56). Consulting with First Unions out-of-door auditors, internal and outside legal counsel may be attentionful in laying the basis for an updated diversity plan and Code of Ethics (Miller & Tucker, 2013, p. 56).Miller and Tucker go on to state top management should work with legal counsel to identify possible events that could impact the companys diversity program, such as the annual golf tournament (2013, p. 56). Discuss the use of power at First Union.The use of power at First Union is interesting as it has many facets. For one, the mortgage section was considered the most powerful as it was the department that made that brought in a substantial amount of revenues. Because of the mortgage divisions contribution to the bottom line, the mortgages offices had been remodeled so beautifully, that they stood out from the rest of the bank. This is an example of reward power (Jing, 2010, p. 220). The president was not happy with the cost of the renovations but kept his displeasure to himself due to the significant remuneration generated by the mortgage division.Just as stated above, First Union had not employed any female executives until the EEOC intervened encouraging them to do so. And just as there had not been any women executives in a VP status, none had been invited to play in the annual golf invitational ei ther. This is a prime example of referent power, which refers to the ability to provide others with feelings of personal acceptance, approval, usefulness, or worth (Jing, 2010, p. 220).The artwork around First Union was similarly suggestive of the values perceived by top management as one particular art piece displayed a member of the female body and was hung in the presidents conference room. This is some other example of referent power.An example of legitimate and possible coercive power is the presidents cultivate on the building manager in deciding to downsize Megs office. As stated in the text, Meg was the first person to come under scrutiny with the current regulations. This is considered legitimate because of the presidents position to impose a sense of obligation on the building manager to follow the guidelines even though they were casually held in compliance with other executives. It is also coercive as the president has the power to grant and take away rewards and priv ileges (Jing, 2010, p. 220). What political tactics should Meg use?Political behavior is an definitive factor of power progressions in organizations and has been found to enhance leader-member relations, career mentoring, and customer satisfaction (Gupta, Singh, & Singh, 2008, p. 16). Meg should only employ sanctioned political tactics that are perceived as grateful in the work as a way to progress positive relationships. She should try to cultivate positive relationships throughout the First Union by learning about their views and developing mutually advantageous coalitions and alliances (Daft, 2013, p. 548). Meg should also use the political tactic of reciprocity which works hand in hand in building coalitions and alliances. existence in a V.P. position, Meg has the prime opportunity to be a mentor toother females since she is the first woman V.P. at First Union not only would she be educating females, but educating males on acceptable behavior changing the culture of First Uni on and its perception of women in the workplace (Gupta et. al, 2008, p. 23).Other political tactics include promoting self-interests (such as her golf lessons) through creating and maintaining a favorable image with the power holders to help foster a change in culture. Meg can draw the attention to the success her department has in establishing positive staff morale and by developing a reputation as redoubted as the mortgage division. Doing so would make her as a V.P. and the department to a greater extent desirable to the important members of First Union (Gupta et. al, 2008, p. 24). And lastly, Meg can become a mentoree by looking up to the more senior members of the organization for advice and support.ConclusionIn conclusion, First Unions main issue is the corporate culture and the need for change in the organization. In order to foster this need, top management will need to change their way of thinking and educate the staff from their level on down. With Meg being the first wom an hired as a female V.P., she is in a prime position to help pave the way towards this new cultural change.ReferencesDaft, R. L. (2013). Organization Theory & Design (11th ed.) Mason, OH South-Western.Doorley, J., & Garcia, H. (2007). Reputation counsel The Key to Successful Public Relations and Corporate Communication. New York Routledge.Government Accountability Office. (2013). Diversity management. (GAO-13-238). Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office.Jing, Z. (2010). Cross-cultural study on French and Chinese managers use ofpower sources. planetary Journal of Business & Management, 5(5), 219-225.Miller, S.K., & Tucker III, J. J. (2013). Diversity trends, practices, and challenges in the financial services industry. Journal of Financial expediency Professionals, 67(6), 46-57.Robertson, D. (2006). Does your office work for you?. JPan Inc, (66), 32-35.Gupta, B., Singh, S., & Singh, N. (2008) Self-monitoring and perceived job security and use of sanctioned and non-sanctio ned political tactics. Vilakshan The XIMB Journal of Management, 5(2), 15-32.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 31

I crept through the house, cringe every time my foot hit a loose floorboard or a delinquent corner. From the light at the far end of the house, I could tell cause had left the sitting dwell and was already in his study, no doubt writing d sustain the record he and Jonathan had concocted in his own journal. I stood in the door frame and watched him for a moment. His hair was snow-white, and I saw age spots on his hands. Despite the lies Id heard earlier, my heart went out to him. Here was a man whod never cognise an easy life and who, after burying a wife, now had to bury twain sons.I took a step toward him, and stupefys head jerked upward.Dear God , he said, dropping his pen to the floor with a clatter. experience, I said, holding out my hands to him. He stood up, his eyes darting wildly.Its okay, I said gently. I just indispensability to talk with you.Y oure dead, Stefan, Father said slowly, still gaping at me.I shook my head. whatever you think of Damon and me, you have t o know that we didnt betray you.The fear on Fathers face abruptly turned to fury. Y did betray me. Not only did you betrayou me, you betrayed the whole town. Y should beou dead, after the way youve dishonored me.I watched him, anger rising up inside me. Even in our death, you feel only commiseration? I asked. It was something Damon would theorise, and in a way, I felt his presence beside me. I was doing this for him. I was doing it for both of us, so that at least wed die with truth on our side.But Father was barely listening. Instead, he was double-dyed(a) at me. Y oure one of them now. Isnt that right, Stefan? Father said, backing out-of-door from me, slowly, as if I were about to pierce and attack him.No. No. Ill never be one of them. I shook my head, hoping once morest hope that Father would believe me.But you are. I watched you bleed and take your last breath. I left you for dead. And now I see you here. Y are one of them, Father said, hisou back now against the brick wal l.Y saw me go through shot? I asked in confusion. Iou remembered the voices. The chaos. Vampire being yelled over and over again in the darkness. Feeling Noah pull me off Damon. Everything fading to black.I pulled the trigger myself. I pulled it on you, and I pulled it on Damon. And apparently it wasnt enough, Father said. Now I need to finish the job, he said, his voice as cold as ice. Y killed your own sons? I asked, anger ofou my own coursing through my veins.Father stepped toward me menacingly, and even though he thought I was a monster, I was the one who felt fear. Y were both dead to me asou soon as you sided with the vampires. And now, to come in here and ask forgiveness, as if what you did could be excused with an Im sorry. No. No. Father stepped away from his desk and walked toward me, his eyes still darting to the left and the right, nevertheless that now it was as if he were the hunter, rather than a hunted animal. Y know, itsou a blessing your make died before she cou ld see what a disgrace youve become.I havent turned yet. I dont want to. I came to say good-bye. Im going to die, Father. Y did ou what you set out to do. Y killed me, I said. Tearsou sprang from my eyes. It didnt have to be this way, Father. Thats what you and Jonathan gigabyte should write in your false history, that it didnt have to be this way.This is the way it has to be, Father said, lunging for a cane that he kept in a large vase in the corner of the room. Swiftly, he broke it in two on the floor and held the long, jagged end out toward me.Quickly, without thinking, I sidestepped Father and yanked his free arm back, direct him tumbling sideways against the brick wall. Father screamed in anguish as he hit the floor. And then I saw it. The stake was protruding from his live, breed spurting in all directions. I blanched, feeling my stomach rise to my chest and bile fill my throat.Father I rushed over to him and bent tidy sum. I didnt mean to. Father , I gasped. I grabbed th e stake and yanked it out of his abdomen. Father shrieked, and immediately blood gushed desire a geyser from the offend. I watched, horrified, but also entranced. The blood was so red, so deep, so beautiful. It was as if it were calling to me. It was as if Id die that second if I didnt have the blood. And so, unbidden, I moved my hand to the wound and brought my cupped hand to my lips, tasting the liquid as it touched my gums, my tongue, and my throat.Get away from me Father hoarsely whispered, get-up-and-go himself away until his entire back was pressed against the wall. He scratched my hand in an effort to bat it away from the wound, then slumped against the wall, his eyes closing.I , I began, but then felt a shooting, stabbing paroxysm in my mouth. It was worse than what I remembered about being shot. It was a feeling of tightness, followed by the sensation of a million needles sticking into my flesh.Get away , Father breathed, covering his face with his hands as he struggled for air. I pulled my own hands from my mouth and ran my fingers over my dentition, which had become sharp and pointed. Then I agnize I was one of them now.Father, drink from me. I can save you I said urgently, reaching down and pulling him up to a sitting position against the wall. I took my wrist and brought it to my mouth, allowing my newly knife- sharp teeth to easily rip the skin. I flinched, then held the wound toward Father, who backed away, blood continuing to gush from his wound.I can fix you. If you drink this blood, it will heal your wounds. Please? I begged, looking into Fathers eyes.Id rather die, Father pronounced. A moment later his eyes fluttered shut and slumped back on the floor, a pool of blood forming around his body. I placed my hand on his heart, feeling it slow until it stopped.

History of AIDS Essay

assist is a distemper that destroys a psyches immune system. economic aidS is a business born pathogen. It was in the beginning only found in gay men. This led to community calling it the gay men disease. They manipulation to think that this was punishment from God for their being gay. Then researchers found out some do drugs users were too threadting the human immunodeficiency virus virus, which leads to assist, from sharing needles. After that, it was referred to as the gay man and druggy disease. All of the labels help has been given up are completely wrong even straight person, sober people after part get assist.Considering the many slipway of contracting HIV/AIDS it seems foolish to limit the causes to sex and drug use. Jonathan Mann wrote We do not notice how many people developed AIDS in the 1970s, or indeed in the years before. We do now get it on that the origin of AIDS and the virus HIV was probably in Africa. What we in like manner recognize is The d ominant feature of this first full point was silence for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknow and transmission was not accompanied by signs or symptoms salient enough to be noticed.While rare, sporadic case reports of AIDS and sero-archaeological studies crap documented human contagious diseases with HIV prior to 1970, available data suggest that the current epidemic started in the mid- to late 1970s. By 1980, HIV has crack to at least(prenominal) five continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia). During this period of silence, bed cover was unchecked by awareness or any hamperive action and approximately 100,000-300,000 persons may digest been infected. (qtd in History) The first awareness of AIDS was in June of 1981, when they found traces of PCP in five men in Los Angeles, California.This event oc bring aroundd when they believed only gay men could get the disease, so they were not worried about it spreading to heterosexual people . This was all also before the method of transmission was known they thought a person could catch it if he or she were standing to close to someone who had the disease. In December of 1981 the first cases of AIDS were reported in intravenous drug users. In 1982 AIDS was silence nameless. People started calling it numerous names, such as Gay Compromise Syndrome, GRID (gay-related immune deficiency), AID (acquired immunodeficiency disease), gay stomachcer and community-acquired immune dysfunction. (History) Later that year, reports emerged of children and transfusion recipients getting AIDS. Everyone knew this was no longer a gay related disease.Persons who may be considered at increase take a chance of AIDS include those with symptoms and signs indicatory of AIDS sexual partners of AIDS patients sexually active homosexual or bisexual men with aggregate partners Haitian entrants to the United States present or past abusers of IV drugs patients with hemophilia and sexual partners of individuals at increased risk for AIDS. qtd in History) This was the message that CDC (Center for Disease Control) sent out when researchers discovered that AIDS was spread by body fluids. It was not until March 1983 that researchers discovered this. Between 1987 and 1992 there were many prevention groups created. ACT-UP (the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) was founded to attempt to end the AIDS crisis. On April 2, 1989, Hans Verhoef, a Dutch man with AIDS, was jug in Minnesota under the federal law banning travelers with HIV from entering the USA. (History)In July of 1990, Kimberly Bergalis was infected with HIV by her dentist, David Acer. The CDC would not believe Kimberly, they didnt think this type of infection was possible. Her experience kept telling the CDC that Kimberly would not back down, thus by the end of it all the CDC supported her conclusion. earliest in 1991, the CDC confirmed that the same dentist infected dickens other patients. In the fall of 1991 Kimberl y pass along mandatory HIV testing for all health care workers, so that others go intot bear to go through the hell that I have. (History) A few years after the CDC chose not to do the mandatory testing, Kimberly Bergalis died. In 1991 Earvin (Magic) Johnson announced that he was HIV positive he then retired from maestro sports.He wanted to use his celebrity status to educate kids about the disease. He also said, I think sometimes we think, well, only gay people mickle get it it is not going to communicate to me. And here I am verbalise that it elicit happen to anyone, even me Magic Johnson. (History) In 1992 the FDA(Federal Drug Administration) approved the use of two drugs combined, it was the first combination of drugs that was successful.This new drug is not a cure, save it constitutes an important addition to the expanding group of antiviral drugs currently available, including AZT and DDI, for treating people with AIDS. stated crowd together Mason. (History) On D ecember 1, 1993, World AIDS Day, Benetton and ACT UP Paris put a giant condom (22m x 3. 5m) in the time square equivalent in Paris to complot awareness of the disease. (History) One of the television ads, entitle Automatic, features a condom making its way from the go by drawer of a dresser across the room and into bed with a couple about to sterilize love.The voice-over says, It would be nice if latex paint condoms were automatics. But since theyre not using them should be. Simply because a latex condom, used consistently and correctly will prevent the spread of HIV. (qtd in History) This was a commercialised that attempted to make men wear condoms to keep the HIV virus from spreading. If a man wears a condom it will reduce the chance of the woman contracting the virus. In 1994 scientists found a medicine that reduced the spread of HIV from mother to infant by two thirds.This was the first sign that mothers can decrease the spread of HIV to their children, and maybe stop it a ll together. In 1996, a heavyweight meat packer was tested positive for HIV before a contract. This was his reaction I thought AIDS was something that happened to gays and drug addicts. A macho guy worry me who loves ladies and super fit he doesnt get AIDS stated Tommy Morrison. (History) In his State of the Union address on 28th January, US prexy George Bush proposed spending $15 billion in combating AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean over the next 5 years.He called the scheme a great mission of rescue. This comprehensive plan will prevent 7 million new AIDS infections, treat at least 2 million people with life-extending drugs, and provide humane care for millions of people suffering from AIDS, and for children orphaned by AIDS. -President Bush Just two days later, US Health Secretary Tommy Thompson was elected as the new chairman of the Global stemma for HIV, TB and Malaria. It was hoped this move would prevent a conflict between the Bush administration and the international health community. (qtd in History)Symptoms of AIDS include heart infections, intestine infections, and other infections that are uncommon. When a person has AIDS he or she gets very uncommon infections that a healthy immune system could pit off. Since his or her immune system slowly gets destroyed he or she cant scrap off infections and viruses that most people can. The most common cause of AIDS is sexual transmission. This can be between two men, two women, or heterosexual intercourse. The second highest cause is being exposed to blood borne pathogens. This can happen from blood benefactions, or just having open wounds.This however cannot happen from close contact, like some people believe. The least likely way to contract the virus is from mother to child, because we now have drugs that make it so less than one percent of children will get it from their mother. AIDS is a disease that will completely destroy your immune system. It attaches to your white blood cells and keeps the m from doing their job. White blood cells would normally fight off any infection that get into your body, but when the HIV virus changes to AIDS it will hitch the receptors from the message your brain sends saying to attack this bacteria.This means AIDS does not kill you, rather the disorder AIDS wont let your body fight kill you. There are many ways to prevent AIDS, the most effective way is abstinence. If you are not sexually active, you cannot get an STI. However, if you touch sensation you have to have sex use a condom. Not only does it prevent unwanted birth, but it will also reduce the transmission of STIs. (CDC) The importance of condoms in the fight against STDs is readily apparent, whether one focuses on the past, the present or the future. But condoms clearly have not been used as widely as they must be to significantly slow the spread of infection.One solution is the greater promotion of condoms through advertising, education and public-awareness campaigns. We believe another necessary step is to improve condoms making them more user-friendly, sexy and pleasurable. (qtd in Pinkerton) Another way to prevent the spread of AIDS is to avoid infected blood. So if you are a doctor working on an HIV positive patient, wear rubber gloves. to a fault, if you are HIV positive, dont have sexual relations with multiple people, and tell them if you are going to sleep with them. The least you can do is let them know they are risking their lives. William B.Kaliher has investigated cases of venereal disease for more than twenty-five years. In the following viewpoint, Kaliher asserts that while it is mandatory for health departments to find and notify the sexual partners of patients with venereal disease, partner bill in HIV cases is not mandatory. He argues that partner notification is especially important in HIV/AIDS cases, however, as AIDS is always fatal. Without mandatory notification, he contends that those who have HIV can ride out to infect other people . If people with HIV/AIDS are notified that they may be infected, they can get tested. qtd in Kaliher) In this society, two things are very clear.The government is not making decisions in the outmatch interest of the public health. The government is also not utilizing every tax payers buck they are not doing as much to prevent the spreading of AIDS as they can do. Also another way of preventing the spread of AIDS would be to educate the people most likely to spread the disease. The health official could do this by going into the areas where drug users live, and tell them that if they share needles they are at risk of dying earlier than normal people are.They could also talk to the prostitutes in Las Vegas, the women who are with ten, fifteen, or twenty men a night. They could tell them not only are they at higher risk for spreading the disease, but they could also spread it to hundreds of other men. (Kaliher) There is no vaccine against HIV, and no cure for AIDS. The list to decr easing the spread and reducing the impact of this disease is to promote healthy behaviors that prevent infection or minimize the adverse effects of treatment.Health promotion, disease prevention, and symptom management are key components of the research conducted by the biobehavioral scientists supported by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR). The Institute monetary resource both domestic and international HIV/AIDS research programs. (qtd in NINR) There are also many myths about AIDS. First of all AIDS is not just the gay men disease. Anyone can contract AIDS, and not a lot of people try to prevent spreading it. Like the saying gay as AIDS that statement is very inaccurate. AIDS is present in many heterosexual peoples lives.Also AIDS is not only in drug addicts who share needles. Someone cannot call AIDS the druggy disease or the gay men disease just because they were some of the first people to have it. The solution to the myths about AIDS is to increase awareness on all of the aspects of AIDS. People need to know that people can get AIDS from more than just sharing needles and having gay sex. People can catch AIDS from their mother when they are born or being breast fed, people can catch it from having heterosexual sex, and people can also catch it when they receive a blood donation from an infected donor.

Monetary Policy and Its Impact on the Recession

Running head MONETARY insurance/MACROECONOMIC IMPACT PAPER financial Policy/Macroeconomic Impact Paper Heather Robinson University of capital of Arizona MMPBL 501 04/25/2010 Introduction The catereral Reserve Board (FED) utilizes tools to ascendancy or manipulate the cash lend, these tools repair macroeconomic factors such as inflation, unemployment and interest esteems, which ultimately determine a countrys GDP. To barrack the best fiscal form _or_ system of government combination I will discuss the tools used by the feds, apologise how money is stimulated and also illust deem the effect of the money supply on the rescue.It is the money supply which determines the ordain of inflation, unemployment and economic growth. Tools Used by The federal officialeral Reserve To Control gold Supply. The Fed has three principal(prenominal) tools for controlling the money supply these are their Open Market Operations, The Discount Rate, and The Reserve Ratio. These tools can be u sed to alter the obtain ratios of the commercial banks which in turn determine the money supply. The money supply consists of currency ( national Reserve Notes and coins) and checkable deposits. The U. S. Burea of Engraving creates federal Reserve notes and the U.S. Mint creates the coins. (McConnell & Brue 2004) By purchasing government bonds, (securities) the Fed increases the reserves of the banking system which past increase the lending power of the commercial bank,(McConnell & Brue 2004) and the money supply available. interchange bonds will also turn over the opposite results namely reduce the money supply by reduce the reserves of the bank. The central bank desires to be a lender of last resort. When the commercial bank borrows it gives the Fed a promissory note drawn against itself and secured by acceptable confirmatory.The Fed charges interest on the loans which is called the rebate rate. The new reserve obtained by borrowing from the Fed immediately becomes excess re serves as no required reserve needs to be kept for loans fitd from the Fed. Thus by reducing the throw out rate, commercial banks can be encouraged to borrow from the Fed which directly increases their excess reserves and their ability to lend, so the money supply is increase. The opposite can also be done to reduce the money supply. The Fed can also manipulate the reserve ratio as a means of alter the ability of commercial banks to lend.If the Fed increases the reserve ratio the commercial bank is forced to reduce its checkable deposits in order to increase its reserves to the new minimum requirement. It might also be forced to plow some bonds in order to increase its required reserves, and both scenarios would result in a diminution of the money supply. By lowering the reserve ratio the commercial banks reserve is transformed into excess reserve which increases the banks capability of lending, which increases the money supply. Interest rates in general rise and fall with the federal cash rate.The prime interest rate is the benchmark rate that banks use as a reference manoeuver for a wide range of interest rates on loans to business and individuals. (McConnell & Brue 2004) Therefore when the Fed changes the brush aside rate it also changes the prime interest rate. A lower discount rate is passed on to consumers who then are able to obtain lower interest rates for mortgages and credit cards which increases their disposable income. This higher(prenominal) disposable income then results in more demand for goods and services which causes an increase in the supply of these goods to abut the increasing demand.Also an increase in the money supply and more money to lend by the banks result in more credit for businesses who are then able to purchase more materials to start more or invest into the expansion of their businesses. The end result is that more goods and services are being produced as a result of the increase in money supply, which is beneficial to the countrys GDP. In brief, the impact of changing interest rates is mainly on investment (and, through that, on pile up demand, output, employment and the price level).to a greater extentover investment spending varies inversely with the interest rate. (McConnell & Brue 2004) The Creation of Money Money creation occurs in two main ways, the creation of base money, just aboutly currency notes created by the Federal Reserve. The second process involves checking account or deposit money created by commercial banks, which makes up most of the money supply. Base money is created when the Fed performs open commercialise operations. The Fed injects money when it purchases Government securities, by creating it.Almost all money we come by has its basis in money that the Fed invented at one time this money has been created approximately ten times as muchtimes can be created by banks in checking accounts and deposits. They accomplish this by granting loans to the public, a correspond ing amount of checking account money is created with each new loan. So money is created when the money supply is increased. Using expansionary monetary insurance policy, decreasing the reserve ratio and discount rates, or buying bonds and securities result in money being created. State of the Economy With regards to the U. S. conomy, it has contracted further since the antecedent of the recession, and the labor market worsened over the offset printing half of 2009. according to the published monetary policy report to the congress. (MPRC July 2009) Economic activity decreased sharply and strains in financial markets and pressures on financial institutions boilersuit intensified. (MRPC July 2009. ) However the negative activity appears to be abating, unemployment has touch ond to increase but at a long-playing pace, while inflation has been minimal. To date the credit conditions continue to be restrictive and it is still difficult for businesses and households to receive credit.T he U. S. real gross domestic product (GDP) was less than the first quarter of 2009, though it seems that the contraction of overall output looks to have moderated somewhat of late. (MPRC July 2009). Consumer spending was increased due to the tax cuts and increases in various hit payments received as part of a stimulus package, which increased disposable incomes. The housing market has undergo some stabilization in the demand for new houses after three years of persistent declines. Businesses moreover have continued to decrease their capital spending and liquidating of inventories due to reduced demand and excessive stocks.More recently foreign demand has also dropped for U. S. products which produced a reduction in U. S. exports and the U. S. demand for imports also fell. Concerns of the Federal Reserve and Directions of Recent monetary Policy The Federal Reserve policy action has focused on facilitating economic recovery and encouraging the flow of credit, which brought the fe deral finances rate down to a past low rate of zero to one quarter percent, and also purchased additional agency (MBS) mortgage endorse securities. MPRC 2009) Overall consumer price inflation which slowed sharply late last year remained subdued in the first half of this year, as the margin of slack in labor and product markets widened considerably further as prices of oil and other commodities retraced only a part of their earlier steep declines. (MPRC2009)There is no effort to control inflation which seems to be under control so all emphasis is been placed on assisting the economy in recovering from the recession using monetary policies.In addition to reducing the federal funds rate and purchasing securities, the Fed continued to provide funding to financial institutions and markets using a physical body of credit and liquidity facilities. Recent monetary policy actions include the decision of the Federal Open market Committee (FOMC), to expand its purchases of agency MBS and ag ency debt and to commence the purchasing of longer-term treasury securities to assist in ameliorate the conditions in private credit markets. The fed also announced it will expand the eligible collateral under the TALF program, which is the recently launched Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility.In June 2009, at the FOMC meeting, the members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve remains and presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks provided projections for economic growth, unemployment and inflation, these projections included the expectation of real GDP to bottom out in the second half of this year, and then move onto a path of gradual recovery, bolstered by an accommodative monetary policy, government efforts to stabilize financial markets, and fiscal stimulus. (MPRC2009) It was also projected that conditions in the labor market would continue to eteriorate, and then improve slowly over the next two years, and inflation would remain subdued in 2010 and 2011. Recom mended Monetary policy When trying to recover from a recession and stimulating economic growth it is likely to increase inflation due to the increase in money supply if the expansionary policies are prolonged. There has to be a balance which will reduce unemployment, deter inflation and yet promote economic growth. Monetary policy has been the best choice to manipulate the money supply as it is flexible, prompt and isolated from policy-making pressure. McConnell & Brue 2004) The Fed can utilize open market operations, discount rate and the reserve ratio to achieve a balance between inflation, economic growth and unemployment. If the expansionary monetary policies result in too much spending and increased inflation, it can be curbed by selling securities, or increasing the discount rate and reserve ratios of the commercial banks. In the University of Phoenix simulation, the scenarios represented opportunities to utilize monetary policies to curb inflation, unemployment and increase GDP.The firmness of purpose was the impelling manipulation of the discount rate, reserve ratio, and open market operations. What was noticeable was that when the money supply increased so did inflation, and the unemployment rate is inversely related to the GDP. When the GDP increased unemployment fell. Conclusion The three tools of monetary policy which include, open market operations, the discount rate and the reserve ratio are quite effective in the application of expansionary or restrictive monetary policies to combat recessions or curb inflation.Whenever the Fed lowers the discount rate or the reserve ratio they increase commercial banks lending which stimulates aggregate demand and investment. The most effective tool seems to be the open market operation which is utilized more frequently, as the Government buys and sells securities often to manipulate the commercial banks reserves. Monetary policy is most effective due to move and flexibility, it is free from political pres sure and can be quickly utilized to respond to inflation and unemployment, and to create economic growth. ReferencesBankers Research Institute, The Wizards of Money Part 1 How Money Is created. Retrieved April 26, 2010 from http//www. altruists. org/static/files McConnell, C. & Brue, S. (2004). Economics Principles, Problems, and Policies, 6th ed. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Monetary Policy Report to the Congress, July 21, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2010 from http//www. federalreserve. gov/monetarypolicy/mpr_20090721_part1. htm University of Phoenix. (2010). Simulations Monetary Policy Computer Software. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Simulation MMPBL 501 website.